null
US
Entrar
Registre-se gratuitamente
Registre-se
Detectamos que o JavaScript não está habilitado no teu navegador. Habilite o Javascript para o funcionamento correto do nosso site. Por favor, leia os
Termos e Condições
para mais informações.
Próximo
Copiar e Editar
Você deve estar logado para concluir esta ação!
Inscreva-se gratuitamente
572901
A3: Population Policies (i + ii)
Descrição
Mapa Mental sobre A3: Population Policies (i + ii), criado por Rachel Campbell em 23-02-2014.
Mapa Mental por
Rachel Campbell
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Mais
Menos
Criado por
Rachel Campbell
mais de 10 anos atrás
57
1
0
Resumo de Recurso
A3: Population Policies (i + ii)
National Fertility Policy in CHINA
Factfile
pop. of 1.35 Billion
pop. growth rate = 0.5%
BR = 12.1% DR = 7%
IMR = 17% Male = 21% Female = 26%
LE = 73 M + 77F
TFR = 1.55
90% of people live in 10% of land near Beijing
Need for a fertility policy?
1949 - pop. of 500M - M's living in poverty - LE = 40
Resources do not match size ( 7% of world land - 9Mkm2)
Pop. growth would mean severe poverty and famine
China launched a series of reforms to utilise the resource base more fully and to establish China as a major world power
1. Great Leap Forward 1958
Mao - "more people, the stronger we are"
Industry could only prosper if the work force was well fed - while agriculture workers needed industry to produce modern tools needed
China was reformed into a number of communes (5000 families) - 1959 things went wrong!
Quickly produced farm machinery fell apart + workers injured
Less working in fields + flooding + drought in '59 - only 170M tons of grain - well below what they needed - starvation occured!
1960 was even worse - only 144M tonnes of grain - almost 30M people died of starvation + diseases relating to starvation
2. Early Anti-Natalist policies
Early 60's + 70's the gov. sought to reduce fertility
Education + advertising programmes highlighted the advantage of smaller families
Contraception and abortions more widely available
Later marriage encouraged and longer intervals between births
3. The One Child Policy
Mortality levels fallen and fertility decrease
China had resources for 1.2 B - if fertility feel to replacement level - pop. would continue to grow
Initially required to have one child and apply for official approval before conceiving
Compliance encouraged through rewards + punishments e.g. forced abortions + compulsory sterilisation
Rewards incl. educational opps. healthcare, housing and job security.
4. 1979-1983
Strictly enforced with no regard for individual circumstances
Reported cases of forced abortions and compulsory sterilisation
All aspects of family life were monitored - local ppl. encouraged to pass on info. about anyone disobeying
5. 1984-1988
Success prompted gov. to relax policy
Local officials would allow some families in rural areas to have a 2nd child as long as local quotas were maintained
6. 1989-1993
Late 1980's fertility increased again
Regulations tightened
7. 1994-present
still in operation but less strigently
Reduced fertility with increased affluence
After 30 years of anti-natalist policy, the Chinese have lost the desire for large families
Evaluation
Positive
Brought fertility levels down - 1960 = 6 2000= 1.7 - No longer facing overpopulation
Universal age of marriage rose - 1960 = 18 2000 = 22
China now economically well developed - some success attributed to AN policy
Policy successful in urban areas were they are more aware of economic benefits of smaller families
Negative
Methods show complete disregard for human rights
More elderly - LE increases - now problems regarding care for elderly
State care for elderly not universal + expensive due to increasing numbers
Late abortions and forced sterilisation - serious risks for a womans mental and physical health
Rural areas need children to work on farms
Culture places greater value on males - reported cases of female infanticide, abandonment and sex selective abortions
Gender Imbalance - 120M/100F - Normal 105M/100F
Normal family structures changed - next gen. no aunts, uncles and cousins
Only child may be over indulged - "little emperors"
National Migration Policy in CANADA
Factfile
Pop. of 33M (UK = 60M)
Rich resource base for industry, plentiful power supplies and rich fertile soils
75% of Canada's workforce comes from immigration
1 in 5 Canadian workers and foreign born
Always operated a highly selective migration system.
Policies evolved over time in such a way that the numbers + types of migrants were controlled to meet economic need
1. Open Door Policy: 1870-1918
Economic need - building of railway deemed necessary to tie Canada into an integrated economy (manufacturing in east and agriculture in west)
No restrictions on numbers - restrictions on source of migrants - Britain, USA and NWEurope
Gov. had control over racial composition
2. Preferred/Non-Preferred countries - 1919-1929
Preferred = Britain, USA, Aus, NZ and S.Africa - given financial assisstance to aid their move
Non-Preferre = Poland, Romania and Russia - admitted in times of need + lowest paid jobs
Non-Acceptable list = people from visible minorities eg Chinese - Exclusion Act of 1923 prevented them bringing family with them
3. Closed Door Policy 1980-1945
Unemployment rose + gov. stopped all migration apart from family
"Family Reunion" Category - those who are not entering the labour market + only from Britain and USA
4. 1946-1962
Gov. sought to increase the number of migrants
Renewed immigration was not allowed to alter the pop. composition of Canada
5. 1960- 1986
Racist undertones removed - attention was now on the skills of the migrants not the source.
Preferred/non-preferred list abandoned in favour of points system - seen as a fairer method of selection
Numbers were still highly controlled to reflect job availability - 1980's recession - migration was greatly reduced
6. 1986-1993
Pop. ageing and fertility levels fallen close to replacement levels - mid 1980's
Gov. viewed migration as a long term demographic necessity not just a short term solution to economic need
Canada was at risk of under population - no longer necessary to have pre-arranged job before entering
Numbers gaining entry increased from 85,000 in 1985 > 250,000 in 1993
7. 1993-2008
Migration seen as essential requirement for demographic stability
Still subject to points system - greater emphasis on technical + linguistic skills
Gov. set annual target of 320,000 migrants
Evaluation
Positive
75% of growth in Canadas wokforce is due to migration
Since 1992, immigration has accounted for 50% of overall pop. growth
National Insurance contributions by migrants contribute to state pension funds + health care for elderly
Migration has always been controlled to reflect perceived economic/demographic need
More enlightened policies followed since 1967
Canada is now a more global society as a result of changes in policy
Establishment of "Family Reunion" category allowed close family to enter Canada
Negative
Earlier policies racist
Migration always adjusted to needs of Canada - not migrant
Attempts to re direct migrants to less well developed parts of the country have been unsuccessful
Increase demand for services
New migrants unable to find work
Gov. reducing financial help to new migrants
Quer criar seus próprios
Mapas Mentais
gratuitos
com a GoConqr?
Saiba mais
.
Semelhante
Novo Acordo Ortográfico - Uso do Hífen
Alessandra S.
PSICOLOGIA DO DESENVOLVIMENTO E DA APRENDIZAGEM
vanessasenez
Inglês para a copa do Mundo
Alessandra S.
TIPOS - AÇÃO PENAL
Fernando Odnanref
Principais Fórmulas de Física
Luiz Fernando
Revolução francesa - Império Napoleônico
Robson Bueno
Enem 2
Robson Bueno
Quiz - Simple Past
HoL
EA-HSG-2014 Questões achadas no app QUIZADA na playstore
carloshenriquetorrez .
Questões Grécia Antiga- Antiguidade Classica
vesanso Souza
Atualidades
Larissa Guimarães
Explore a Biblioteca