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575399
Child Development
Descrição
Masters Optometry in Special Needs Groups Mapa Mental sobre Child Development, criado por angela.bauer em 24-02-2014.
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optometry in special needs groups
optometry in special needs groups
masters
Mapa Mental por
angela.bauer
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
angela.bauer
mais de 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Child Development
Domains of Development
Motor
Physical growth is important for normal motor development
Infant motor control can be limited by physical development
Requires CNS and musculo-skeletal maturation
Two areas to motor control
Large, gross motor control
Small, fine motor control
Relationship to vision
Visual Spatial Skills
Safe efficient movement through space
Visual Motor Skills (Hand-Eye Coordination)
Handwriting, Sports, Musical Instruments
Cognitive (Piaget's theory of cognitive development)
Sensorimotor (0-2years): If a child is not interacting with an object it does not exist "out of sight, out of mind"
Pre-operational (2-7 years): learn concepts of space, time and conservation
Concrete Operational (7-11 years): logical thinking, gain ability to see through perspective other than own
Formal operational (from 12years): abstract thought
Relationship to Vision
Vision provides sensory and perceptual input necessary for cognitive development
Language
Vision underlies second language code, reading and writing
Emotional
Relationship to vision
Tics can develop at 6-7 years, caused by anxiety. Common PC, will disappear if ignored
Visual Development
Eye Movements
Fixation
Faces: at birth objects: at 3 months
Conjugate eye movements
Saccades
Horizontal at birth Vertical at 3 months
Smooth Pursuits
Horizontal at birth Vertical at 3 months
OKN and VOR
present at birth
Near triad
Pupil: at birth
Accommodation: 3-4 months
Vergence: 3 months Fusional Vergence: 6 months
Refractive error development
Emmetropisation
Newborns: +2.00D 6-8years: +1.00D
Astigmatsim
Reduces in first 5 years even if corrected
Visual Function
Visual Acuity
at birth: 6/180 3 mon: 6/60 12 mon: 6/15 4-5 yrs: 6/6
Difference in acuities may be more important
Fusion
Develops at 3 months
Stereopsis
develops 4-7 months
What is development?
Physical, cognitive and psycho-social changes that occur from conception to adulthood
Normal Development: typical changes that are shared by almost all children over time
Development of most characteristics occur in a predictable sequence, but rate of development is unique to each child
Global and domain specific development
Allows for delay in general development or in specific skills
Hereditary vs Environmental
Hereditary: sets limits and determines developmental framework
Environmental:provides the setting which allows or does not allow development to reach full potential
Mixture of both
Overall
Understanding what is expected and what isn't can help appropriately manage young patients
Approach varies with age, also among same chronological age
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