622992
G4:
Food
- 1.1: What is the global pattern of food consumption?
- Food distribution is
unbalanced around the
world. In 2006 around
850 million people lived
with food insecurity.
- In 2008, as the food
resource decreased the
demand for it increased
which increased the food
prices which led to famine
- A greater % of the population in every part
of the world now are richer and therefore
the demand for meat produce which then
increases prices.
- 96% of hungry people
are found in
sub-Saharan Africa
and south Asia.
- In 2008, as the food
resource decreased the
demand for it increased
which increased the food
prices which led to famine
- The Millennium
Development Goals
aim to halve the
number of people
experiencing food
insecurity by 2015
- Under-nutrition
- In 2010, 950 million people did not get sufficient
calories to lead active and healthy lifestyles.
Consumption of calories was below 2000 per day
which is the advised amount
- Direct Economic Causes:
Poverty, landlessness, food
supply from impacted
production, food hoarding,
poor infrastructure, storage
and inappropriate aid.
- Direct Social Causes:
population growth, poor
health, and reduced labour
(due to diseases such as
HIV), deliberate food
destruction in wars and
gender inequality
- Direct Environmental
Causes: Natural
disasters of drought,
desertification,
flooding, pests,
overcropping and
overgrazing,
development of
biofuels and cash
cropping
- Kenya Case Study
- In 2010, 950 million people did not get sufficient
calories to lead active and healthy lifestyles.
Consumption of calories was below 2000 per day
which is the advised amount
- Over-nourishment
- According to the WHO
overweight occurs when
the BMI is more than 25
and obesity occurs
when it is more than 30
- 1.6 billion adults
are overweight
(25% of the world)
and over 400
million adults are
classified as obese.
By 2015, 40% of
the population will
be overweight and
750 million obese.
- In the USA, 35% of
the children are
clinically obese. In
Asian countries such
as China this is also
becoming a problem
due to a transitioning
to a more
western-style diet.
- In the USA, 35% of
the children are
clinically obese. In
Asian countries such
as China this is also
becoming a problem
due to a transitioning
to a more
western-style diet.
- The major health
consequences of
over-nutrition are chronic
conditions such as
cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, osteoarthritis and
some cancers
- Obesity
in
America
- 100 million people
are overweight;
more than 60% of
them are adults;
Mississippi
classed as the
fattest state as 1 in
4 are overweight;
400,000 deaths
due to obesity
- Causes are: Eating
too many calories
than what is
needed to convert
to energy; growth of
fast food chains,
which offer food
that are high
calorific and rich in
fat; high soft drink
consumption; lack
or limited exercise;
sedentary lifestyle
- 100 million people
are overweight;
more than 60% of
them are adults;
Mississippi
classed as the
fattest state as 1 in
4 are overweight;
400,000 deaths
due to obesity
- According to the WHO
overweight occurs when
the BMI is more than 25
and obesity occurs
when it is more than 30
- More and more food is
being imported from
different parts of the
world, this then leads to
high carbon footprint.
- Food distribution is
unbalanced around the
world. In 2006 around
850 million people lived
with food insecurity.
- 1.2 What
factors
promote or
hinder food
production?
- Malthus' and
Boserup's
Theory on
Food
Production.
- Malthus argued that
food shortages, in
particular, were
inevitable as population
grew because population
grows exponentially,
where food can only
grow arithmetically
(2,3,4,5...). Therefore,
population would soon
outstrip available food.
- Boserup's Theory states that an
increase in population stimulates
an improvement in agricultural
techniques thus increasing food
supply. This demand for food due
to increasing population means
that food production is stimulated
either by finding new ways to grow
food or by importing from other
countries.
- Malthus argued that
food shortages, in
particular, were
inevitable as population
grew because population
grows exponentially,
where food can only
grow arithmetically
(2,3,4,5...). Therefore,
population would soon
outstrip available food.
- EU common
agriculture
project
supports
farmers.
- Phase 2: hinders food
production due to quotas,
set aside (take-land out
of production (10%)).
Margins and boundaries
are implemented to
increase biodiversity
- Phase 3: increasing
awareness,
'Agri-environment'
schemes, diversification
to increases the
diversity of species
- Phase 4 or Agenda 2000: price
cuts fro produce, meat -30%,
milk -20%, grants increased for
'Agri-environment' schemes
- Phase 2: hinders food
production due to quotas,
set aside (take-land out
of production (10%)).
Margins and boundaries
are implemented to
increase biodiversity
- Soil Erosion in Zimbabwe
- Soil erosion is the
detachment of soil
particles from larger
aggregates and the
removal of the
particles by flowing
water and wind. In
the country fluvial
erosion is common
- The rate of soil
erosion on crop
lands and
grazing areas
are 5
tonnes/ha/year.
- Declines in
crop yields and
very high rates
of silt in
reservoirs,
especially in
small dams for
rural water
supplis
- Declines in
crop yields and
very high rates
of silt in
reservoirs,
especially in
small dams for
rural water
supplis
- Soil erosion is the
detachment of soil
particles from larger
aggregates and the
removal of the
particles by flowing
water and wind. In
the country fluvial
erosion is common
- Economic
factors that
promote or
hinder
- Large
supermarkets
put a lot of
demand on
farmers. The
farmers often
pay for food
packaging
which hinders
production as
they have less
money to
spend. A
government
legislation could
solve this by
outlining the
correct
guidelines for
producing and
selling
- Large
supermarkets
put a lot of
demand on
farmers. The
farmers often
pay for food
packaging
which hinders
production as
they have less
money to
spend. A
government
legislation could
solve this by
outlining the
correct
guidelines for
producing and
selling
- Political factors
- Pre 1949
food industry:
Most of the of
the farming
were labour
intensive. The
majority of the
land is arable
- People's commune, 1958: Land from the rich
were divided and given to the poor. The lands
were too small for the farmers and crops grown
were insufficient. Ways this was improved:
Trained workers to use new technology and
machinery, use of agrochemicals
- Responsibility System in China
(1979): Farmers were given rent
free land fro 30 yrs to grow their
crops. The farmers had to meet a
crop quota. The left-over can be
sold at their prices in markets.
They were given seeds and tools;
less pressure and the farmers put
more work to pass their quota to
earn extra money. Yield increased
to 6%
- Pre 1949
food industry:
Most of the of
the farming
were labour
intensive. The
majority of the
land is arable
- Malthus' and
Boserup's
Theory on
Food
Production.
- 1.3 Can food
production be
sustainably
increased?
- 3 biillion tonnes of food
will be required
annually by 2020,
compared to the 1.9 b
tonnes in 1996. The
average global cereal
yield has to increase to
4 tonnes/ha. The use of
artificial fertilisers will
double to 170m
tonnes/yr
- Ways to increase
food production:
Use more high
yielding seeds;
irrigation of dry
areas; terracing of
steep slopes; land
reclamation; better
harvesting and
storage;
vegetarian diet
- Developed countries:
Green revolution; land
reform; appropriate
technology; cooperation;
improved infrastructure;
better credit; govt.
intervention
- Developed countries:
Green revolution; land
reform; appropriate
technology; cooperation;
improved infrastructure;
better credit; govt.
intervention
- Hydroponics: is
the process of
growing plants in
a solution of
nutrients that are
essential rather
than directly in
soil
- Advantages
- It uses
minimal water;
pest or
parasites are
filtered out of
the air used;
all year plant
growth due to
controlled
environment;
nutrients are
readily
available to
the plants;
eliminates
pesticide
costs; the
nutrition given
to plants are
controlled;
eliminates
toxic chemical
usage so
groundwater is
not affected.
- It uses
minimal water;
pest or
parasites are
filtered out of
the air used;
all year plant
growth due to
controlled
environment;
nutrients are
readily
available to
the plants;
eliminates
pesticide
costs; the
nutrition given
to plants are
controlled;
eliminates
toxic chemical
usage so
groundwater is
not affected.
- Disadvantages
- Some species of
crops get water
logged; the cost of
initial investment
is too high; many
poorer farmers
cannot afford this;
water-borne
diseases can
destroy the whole
crop; technical
knowledge is
needed; product
can have a
different taste;
heated
greenhouses and
light is wasteful
- Some species of
crops get water
logged; the cost of
initial investment
is too high; many
poorer farmers
cannot afford this;
water-borne
diseases can
destroy the whole
crop; technical
knowledge is
needed; product
can have a
different taste;
heated
greenhouses and
light is wasteful
- Thanet Earth,
Kent: 7
greenhouses,
almost 400,000
plants;
tomatoes all
year round;
700,000
cucumbers
produced from
feb- nov; water
recycled; food
miles are
reduced which
decreases CO2
emissions; 500+
jobs created
- Advantages
- Aeroponics:
is the process
of growing
crops
suspended in
the air and
spraying it
with nutrients
and water.
- Advantages: ideal for
water-deprived countries;
more corps per area of
space; plants arent
exposed to bacteria or
diseases; crops mature
faster; 65% less water
compared to hydroponics;
uses less energy.
- Disadvantages:
Capital is needed
to set up at the
start; high
maintenance;
machine-
intensive,
constant
regulation
- Aero- Green, Singapore:
5.3 hectare farm; produces
cleaner vegetables
- Advantages: ideal for
water-deprived countries;
more corps per area of
space; plants arent
exposed to bacteria or
diseases; crops mature
faster; 65% less water
compared to hydroponics;
uses less energy.
- Blue Revolution
- Advantages: increase fish
consumption from 4% in 1970 to
50%' decreases pressure on
wildfish stocks; has less
environmental impacts like ocean
trawling; 60 m tonnes of fish is
now bred in comparison to 1 m
tonnes in the 1950s
- Disadvantages: wild fish
industry has declined which
led to loss of jobs;
generates the same problem
as intensive farming; natural
habitats such as mangroves
are destroyed to farm
shrimps; a lot of wild fish is
caught to feed for
carnivorous fishes; water is
contaminated with
feedstuffs.
- Advantages: increase fish
consumption from 4% in 1970 to
50%' decreases pressure on
wildfish stocks; has less
environmental impacts like ocean
trawling; 60 m tonnes of fish is
now bred in comparison to 1 m
tonnes in the 1950s
- The Gene Revolution: is the
modification of the DNA of plants
to make them better suited to
grow in different conditions.
Crops that tolerate herbicides,
crops that produce a toxin that
kills pests
- Advantages: decrease the
usage of chemicals so soils
become less contaminated,
lower runoff to nearby rivers;
disease resistance; crops can
withstand environmental
stresses; extra nutrients can be
added; modified to produce
vaccines and other medicines;
higher yield so less land is
turned to farmland.
- Disadvantages:
concerns whether
it is safe to eat or
not; contamination
of neighbouring
organic crops
which can create
mutation of the
plant, lead to
superweeds; GM
crops are available
to large-scale
farmers; crops
from developing
countries are left
out
- Argentina: Soya
bean production
has lead to
decrease use of
herbicides which
has lead to
development of
herbicide
resistant weeds.
Resistant insects
has also
emerged. This
has threatened
the biodiversity of
the country. The
food production
has turned into
mono-culture so
in danger of a
wipe-out which
leads to food
insecurity.
Massive hunger
and malnutrition
as they were used
to meat.
- Advantages: decrease the
usage of chemicals so soils
become less contaminated,
lower runoff to nearby rivers;
disease resistance; crops can
withstand environmental
stresses; extra nutrients can be
added; modified to produce
vaccines and other medicines;
higher yield so less land is
turned to farmland.
- 3 biillion tonnes of food
will be required
annually by 2020,
compared to the 1.9 b
tonnes in 1996. The
average global cereal
yield has to increase to
4 tonnes/ha. The use of
artificial fertilisers will
double to 170m
tonnes/yr
- 1.4 can a
sustainable food
supply be
maintained in the
future?
- To be
sustainable,
the society,
environment
and economy
should all be
addressed.
Society: food
is produced
depending on
the population
of a country
and so this
decreases
waste.
- Environmental:
Eutrophication
is the leeching
of
agro-chemical
into ponds
from soils this
leads to growth
of algae and as
a results
starves fish of
oxygen.
- Economic: Agricultural
system to provide acceptable
economic return for those
employed in the production of
food, yet supply sufficiently to
cater to a country's
non-farming population.
- Environmental:
Eutrophication
is the leeching
of
agro-chemical
into ponds
from soils this
leads to growth
of algae and as
a results
starves fish of
oxygen.
- To be
sustainable,
the society,
environment
and economy
should all be
addressed.
Society: food
is produced
depending on
the population
of a country
and so this
decreases
waste.
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