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C2.1 Structures and Bonding
- Chemical Bonding
- Atoms of 2 or more
elements react =
compound
- Noble Gas
(group 0) stable
and unreactive
- Sharing electrons = covalent.
Transferring electrons = ionic
- Losing Electrons to form positive ions
- In ionic bonding atoms
lose or gain electrons
forming charged
particles (ions)
- Ions have
structure of a
noble gas (2,8/2,8,8)
- Ions have
structure of a
noble gas (2,8/2,8,8)
- Ions have one more proton
than electron making a
positively charged ion.
- In ionic bonding atoms
lose or gain electrons
forming charged
particles (ions)
- Gaining Electrons to form negative ions
- Non metals with metals: non metal gains
electrons to obtain noble gas structure
- More electrons than
protons, negative charged ion
- Non metals with metals: non metal gains
electrons to obtain noble gas structure
- Both atoms aim
for a stable
structure
- Atoms of 2 or more
elements react =
compound
- Ionic Bonding
- Ions are held together by strong
attracting forces between
oppositely charged ions. This
electrostatic force of attraction is
called ionic bonding
- Giant structure or lattice
has forces from all
directions holding it in
place.
- When bonding
you must reach
no charge
- Ions are held together by strong
attracting forces between
oppositely charged ions. This
electrostatic force of attraction is
called ionic bonding
- Formulae of ionic compounds
- Group 1 metals = charge 1+.
Group 2 metals = charge 2+.
Group 7 non metals = charge 1-.
Group 6 non metals = charge 2-
- Names of transition
metals compounds
contain charge of ions
in roman numerals in
brackets. Eg. iron(lll)
oxide = Fe3+ ions
- Some ions are made of
more than 1 element (CO3)
- When things are in brackets you must
multiply them out as they change the
ratio
- Group 1 metals = charge 1+.
Group 2 metals = charge 2+.
Group 7 non metals = charge 1-.
Group 6 non metals = charge 2-
- Covalent Bonding
- When non metals
react they share
electrons forming
molecules
- Simple Molecules
- They both need to gain
electrons, so they share
- They both need to gain
electrons, so they share
- Giant Covalent Structures
- Macromolecules
- Diamond
- each carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
- each carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
- Macromolecules
- When non metals
react they share
electrons forming
molecules
- Metals
- Metal Crystals
- built up in
layers like a
regular pattern
- Eg. Zinc crystals on the surface of steel
- Steel can be dipped into
molten zinc to prevent
rust
- built up in
layers like a
regular pattern
- Metallic Bonding
- lattice of positively charged ions
- Regular layers
- Outer electrons can
move through the
structure - delocalised electrons
- No longer linked with an ion
- No longer linked with an ion
- Strong electrostatic attraction
between positive ions and
negative electrons bind it
- lattice of positively charged ions
- Metal Crystals
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