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637496
Bonding
Descrição
Ionic and Covalent Bonding Unit 1
Sem etiquetas
chemistry
other/academic
a levels
Mapa Mental por
jhhoward
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
jhhoward
mais de 10 anos atrás
41
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Resumo de Recurso
Bonding
What is a chemical bond?
This is a force that holds atoms together
Involves outershell electrons
Ionic Bonding
Strong net electrostatic forces of attraction
Holds oppositely charged ions together
Giant ionic lattice
Maximises attractive force between oppositely charged ions
Minimises repulsion between similarly charged ions
Forces of lattice are exerted equally in all directions
Holds ions tightly
Form ionic crystals
Types of lattice structure
Use of electron density maps
Evidence for existence of ions
X-rays passed through ionic crystal
Diffracted by electrons
Shows arrangement of ions
Cubic structure
Body-centred
Face-centred
Coordination number
No of anions surrounding a single cation in a stable crystal structure
Occurs between metal and non-metals
Dot and cross diagrams used to show electron transfer
Ionic radius
Radius of an ion in an orbital
Increases in size down group
Greater no. of electrons
Across a period
Anions larger
Extra layer of electrons
No. protons increases
Electrons held more tightly
Ionic radius falls
Isoelectronic ions
Falls across series
Cations smaller
Remaining electrons more strongly attracted to positive nucleus
Anions larger
Additional negative charge : electrons bound less tightly
Physical Properties Evidence for ions
High melting & boiling temperatures
Quite hard
Brittle
Differ from metals
No sea of electrons
Force put ions in one layer near ions in other layer
Resulting repulsive force would force 2 layers apart
Substance shatters
Conduct electricity when molten or aqueous solution
Lattice attraction of ions is overcome
Ions become mobile
Electroysis
Positive species
Attracted to cathode
Negative species
Attracted to anode
Covalent Bonding
Octet Rule
Elements tend to react to form an outershell of 8 electrons
Isoelectronic
Same electron configuration
Anexos de mídia
diag_sodium_chloride.gif (image/gif)
NaCl4 (image/jpg)
cesunit.gif (image/gif)
sodium_chloride_unit_cell (image/jpg)
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