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690567
Exchange and transport
Descrição
A-Level Biology (Exchange and transport (unit 2)) Mapa Mental sobre Exchange and transport, criado por Stephen Cole em 29-03-2014.
Sem etiquetas
biology
exchange and transport
biology
exchange and transport (unit 2)
a-level
Mapa Mental por
Stephen Cole
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
Stephen Cole
mais de 10 anos atrás
109
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0
Resumo de Recurso
Exchange and transport
Gas exchange
Principles
Large SA: volume ratio
Thin, permeable exchange surface
Conflicts with need for water conservation
Fish
Structure of gills
Gill filaments and lamellae
Maximised surface area
Countercurrent flow
Concentration gradient of oxygen along entire gill lamella
Maximal diffusion of oxygen into blood
Plants
Stomata on lower surface of leaf
Oxygen out, carbon dioxide in
Photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll cells have air spaces
Greater SA: volume ratio
Insects
Waterproof exoskeleton prevents water loss
Spiracles allow diffusion of gases in and out
Open and close to ventilate tracheae
Tracheae - tubes for movement of oxygen through insect
All body cells within short diffusion pathway of tracheae
Thin walls - short diffusion pathway
No mass transport system - limits insect size
Circulatory system
Structure of blood vessels
Elastic layer
Stretches during systole
does NOT "expand/contract"
Recoils during diastole
Smooths out blood flow
Muscle layer
Contracts/expands
Controls volume of lumen
Thickest in arterioles - constrict blood flow into capillaries
Valves
Mainly in veins
Lower blood pressure
Prevent back flow
Tissue fluid
Exchanges materials between blood and cells
Hydrostatic pressure forces it out of capillaries
Diffusion into and out of tissues occurs
Returned to circulatory system
Reabsorption into capillaries
Plasma proteins lower blood water potential
Hydrostatic pressure and osmosis
Drainage into lymph
Hepatic artery/vein: to and from the liver
Renal artery/vein: to and from kidneys
Water movement through plants
Through roots
Water enters root hair cells by osmosis
Active transport of minerals into cortex
Water enters cortex by osmosis
Water moves through cortex
Symplast
Osmosis
Water moves through cytoplasm/vacuoles
Passes between cells via plasmodesmata
Apoplast
Cohesion between water molecules
Water moves through cell walls
No membranes to cross
Stops at endodermis
Waterproof Casparian strips
Up stems
Active transport of salts from roots to xylem
Water enters by osmosis
Root pressure forces water up stem
Cohesion between water molecules
Continuous stream of water
Water under tension/negative pressure
Diameter of xylem decreases
Transpiration
Xerophytes
Thin leaves
Few stomata
Thicker waxy cuticles/epidermal layers
Water evaporates from mesophyll cells
Diffuses out via stomata
Water enters leaves from xylem by osmosis
Factors
Temperature (+)
Light (+)
Humidity (-)
Wind (+)
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