7187937
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Mapa Mental por Jacob Shepherd, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Jacob Shepherd
aproximadamente 8 anos atrás
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Pack 16 -
Photosynthesis
and Respiration
- ATP
- ADP + Pi --> ATP + H2O
- Catalysed by
ATP
synthase
- Reverse reaction
catalysed by ATP
hydrolase
- Reverse reaction
catalysed by ATP
hydrolase
- Catalysed by
ATP
synthase
- ADP + Pi --> ATP + H2O
- Coenzymes
- These are molecules that
some enzymes need so
they can function.
- e.g. NAD and
NADP
- These are molecules that
some enzymes need so
they can function.
- Oxidation is the loss
of electrons and H+
- Reduction is the
gain of electrons
and H+
- Reduction is the
gain of electrons
and H+
- Photosynthesis
- Photoionisation
of chlorophyll
- When light energy is
absorbed by a chlorophyll
molecule, its electrons gain
energy.
- When light energy is
absorbed by a chlorophyll
molecule, its electrons gain
energy.
- The Light
Dependant Reaction
- This occurs in
the thylakoid
membrane
- The products of this
reaction is ATP and
NADPH
- 1. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll
in photosystem II
- 2. This absorbed energy causes
the electrons to become
photoionised
- 3. Some light energy is used
to split water releasing
electrons, protons and
oxygen.
- 4. Energy released by electrons as
they pass between electron carriers is
used to transport protons
- 5. At the same time, light
energy is absorbed by
chlorophyll in photosystem I
- 6. A pair of electrons is released from
the chlorophyll in photoionisation and
passes along a series of electron
carriers
- 7. Photolysis of water and
movement of protons
means there is a high
proton concentration
gradient
- 8. Protons pass through ATP
synthase channel, they cause a
change in enzyme shape and
catalyse ADP + Pi to ATP
- 8. Protons pass through ATP
synthase channel, they cause a
change in enzyme shape and
catalyse ADP + Pi to ATP
- 7. Photolysis of water and
movement of protons
means there is a high
proton concentration
gradient
- 6. A pair of electrons is released from
the chlorophyll in photoionisation and
passes along a series of electron
carriers
- 5. At the same time, light
energy is absorbed by
chlorophyll in photosystem I
- 4. Energy released by electrons as
they pass between electron carriers is
used to transport protons
- 3. Some light energy is used
to split water releasing
electrons, protons and
oxygen.
- 2. This absorbed energy causes
the electrons to become
photoionised
- This occurs in
the thylakoid
membrane
- The light
Independant
Reaction
- Carbon dioxide for use in the LIR diffuses from:
- 1. From the atmosphere
- 2. Into leaf through stomata
- 3. into water
surrounding mesophyll
cells
- 4. Through cell surface
membrane, cytoplasm and
chloroplast membrane
- 5. Into stroma
- 5. Into stroma
- 4. Through cell surface
membrane, cytoplasm and
chloroplast membrane
- 3. into water
surrounding mesophyll
cells
- 2. Into leaf through stomata
- 1. From the atmosphere
- Carbon dioxide for use in the LIR diffuses from:
- Factors affecting:
- The rate of the process
is determined by the
factors with the least
favourable value
- Light: rate is
proportional to
light intensity
- At compensation
point, there is no net
exchange of gases
- After this point, light has no
effect
- After this point, light has no
effect
- At compensation
point, there is no net
exchange of gases
- CO2
- Optimimum
conc. = 0.1%
- Conc. affects
enzymes
- Optimimum
conc. = 0.1%
- Temp.
- Rate is
proportional
to temp.
- 0-25 degrees
rate is doubled
every 10
- Rate is
proportional
to temp.
- The rate of the process
is determined by the
factors with the least
favourable value
- Photoionisation
of chlorophyll
- Respiration
- Aerobic
- a) Glycolysis
- 1. Addition of two phosphate
molecules causes phosphorylation of
glucose
- 2. Phosphorylated glucose is
split into two 3C molecules
(TP)
- 3. Oxidation of TP, hydrogen
is removed and transferred to
NAD
- 4. Production of ATP, each TP
molecule is converted to
pyruvate, for each of these
there are 2 ATP molecules
- 4. Production of ATP, each TP
molecule is converted to
pyruvate, for each of these
there are 2 ATP molecules
- 3. Oxidation of TP, hydrogen
is removed and transferred to
NAD
- 2. Phosphorylated glucose is
split into two 3C molecules
(TP)
- 1. Addition of two phosphate
molecules causes phosphorylation of
glucose
- b) The Link
Reaction
- Takes place in the
mitochondria
- 1. Pyruvate enters the
mitochondria by active
transport
- 2. Pyruvate is oxidised to
acetate (2C) losing a carbon
dioxide moilecule and two
hydrogens.
- NAD is a
hydrogen
acceptor
- 3. Acetate (2C) combines
with coenzyme A to form
acetylcoenzyme A
- NAD is a
hydrogen
acceptor
- 2. Pyruvate is oxidised to
acetate (2C) losing a carbon
dioxide moilecule and two
hydrogens.
- Takes place in the
mitochondria
- c) The Kreb's cycle
- 1. Acetate (2C) from acetyl
coenzyme A combines
with a 4C molecule to
produce a 6C molecule
- 2. 6C molecule loses two
CO2 and a hydrogen
molecule that form a 4C
molecule, Single ATP
molecule is produced
- 3. 4C molecule now
combines with new acetate
molecule to form
acetylcoenzyme A
- 3. 4C molecule now
combines with new acetate
molecule to form
acetylcoenzyme A
- 2. 6C molecule loses two
CO2 and a hydrogen
molecule that form a 4C
molecule, Single ATP
molecule is produced
- 2C
- 1. Acetate (2C) from acetyl
coenzyme A combines
with a 4C molecule to
produce a 6C molecule
- d) Electron Transfer Chain (ETC)
- 1. In glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs
cycle, protons produced combine with the
coenzymes NAD and FAD to make NADH and
FADH
- 2. NADH's donate electrons of
the protons to the first molecule
in the ETC
- 3. Electrons pass long a
chain of electron
transfer molecules
- Oxidation + reduction occur
- Energy released by
electrons moving allow the
transport of protons from
matrix to inter membrane
space
- 4. Protons flow through ATP
synthase from a high conc. to a
low conc.
- 5. This causes a change in
shape of ATP synthase and so
ATP is produced
- 6. 4 electrons, 4 protons and two
molecules of Oxygen reaction to
form two molecules of water.
- Oxygen is the final
electron acceptor
- Without oxygen,
there is nothing to
accept the electron
- So electrons cannot pass through
- This means NADH cannot give up its electron
- And so there is no NAD to pick up more protons from the Krebs cycle
- And so there is no NAD to pick up more protons from the Krebs cycle
- This means NADH cannot give up its electron
- So electrons cannot pass through
- Without oxygen,
there is nothing to
accept the electron
- Oxygen is the final
electron acceptor
- If ATP synthase is bypassed,
heat is likely produced
- 6. 4 electrons, 4 protons and two
molecules of Oxygen reaction to
form two molecules of water.
- 5. This causes a change in
shape of ATP synthase and so
ATP is produced
- Oxidation + reduction occur
- 3. Electrons pass long a
chain of electron
transfer molecules
- 2. NADH's donate electrons of
the protons to the first molecule
in the ETC
- Or oxidative phosphorylation
- 1. In glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs
cycle, protons produced combine with the
coenzymes NAD and FAD to make NADH and
FADH
- a) Glycolysis
- Anaerobic
- Without oxygen present, all NAD and
FAD is used up, and there is no oxygen
to remove the protons or electrons
- So Link, Krebs and ETC cannot occur
- So Link, Krebs and ETC cannot occur
- The only energy source is
from glycolysis (2 ATP
molecules)
- In plants and microorganisms:
- Pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide
molecule and accepts protons fom
NADH, so NAD is regenerated and
can accept more protons form
glycolysis
- Pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide
molecule and accepts protons fom
NADH, so NAD is regenerated and
can accept more protons form
glycolysis
- In animals:
- Pyruvate accepts protons
from NADH. So NAD can
return to glycolysis to accept
more protons
- Pyruvate accepts protons
from NADH. So NAD can
return to glycolysis to accept
more protons
- Without oxygen present, all NAD and
FAD is used up, and there is no oxygen
to remove the protons or electrons
- Aerobic
Anexos de mídia
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