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Enzymes - key points
- Speeding up digestion
- Bile produced by the live
neutralises acid and emulsifies fats.
- The enzymes made in the pancreas and the
small intestine work best in alkaline conditions
- The enzymes of the stomach
work best in acid conditions
- Bile produced by the live
neutralises acid and emulsifies fats.
- High-tech enzymes
- Enzymes can be produced
industrially, both to diagnose and to
treat disease.
- Enzymes in detergents break down biological stains such as
sweat. They work at low temperatures so use less electricity,
which is cheaper and environmentally friendly.
- They originally caused problems with allergies, but this has been
solved now. The low temperature washes are less good at killing
pathogens; but higher temperatures can denature the enzymes.
- They originally caused problems with allergies, but this has been
solved now. The low temperature washes are less good at killing
pathogens; but higher temperatures can denature the enzymes.
- Enzymes can be produced
industrially, both to diagnose and to
treat disease.
- Factors affecting enzyme action
- Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH
- High temperature and the wrong pH can affect the shape
of the active site of an enzyme and stop it working
- Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH
- Making use of enzymes
- Biological detergents may contain
proteases and lipases.
- Some micro-organisms produce enzymes that pass
out of the cell and can be used in different ways.
- Proteases, carbohydrates and isomerase are
all used in the food industry.
- Biological detergents may contain
proteases and lipases.
- Enzyme in digestion
- Digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the
lining of the gut. They work outside of the body cells in the gut itself.
- Different enzymes catalyse the breakdown of carbohydrates,
protein and fats into smaller, soluble molecules during digestion
- Digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the
lining of the gut. They work outside of the body cells in the gut itself.
- Proteins, catalysts and enzymes
- Protein molecules are made up of
long chains of amino acids.
- Enzymes are proteins. The amino acid
chains are folded to form the active site.
- Proteins act as structural components of tissues,
as hormones, as antibodies and as catalysts.
- Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions without changing
themselves. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
- Protein molecules are made up of
long chains of amino acids.
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