The Gilded Age 1869-1896

1. Democrats

   Anotações:

   • -less strict morals -gov't shouldn't impose moral standard -South, industrial North, immigrants, political machines
2. Republicans

   Anotações:

   • -strict moral codes -gov't regulates economic and moral affairs -Midwest, rural Northeast, freedmen -1870s and 1880s deadlocked by division
   1. "Stalwarts"

      Anotações:

      • patronage
   2. "Half-Breeds"

      Anotações:

      • civil-service reforms
3. Presidential Elections

   Anotações:

   • Grant through Cleveland forgettable presidents. They didn't do much
   1. 1868
      1. U.S. Grant

         Anotações:

         • Republican
      2. Horatio Seymour
   2. 1872
      1. U.S. Grant

         Anotações:

         • Republican
         1. Civil Rights Act of 1875

            Anotações:

            • Equal accommodations in public places and juries. Civil Rights Cases 1883--much declared unconstitutional:      government can't discriminate,  but individuals can
      2. Horace Greeley

         Anotações:

         • Liberal Republican Party    -purify government and end military Reconstruction
   3. 1876
      1. Rutherford B. Hayes

         Anotações:

         • Republican
      2. Samuel J. Tilden

         Anotações:

         • Democrat
      3. Compromise of 1877

         Anotações:

         • -Republican speaker counts disputed votes (Hayes wins) -Hayes withdraws all federal troops from South
         1. End of Reconstruction
         2. Electoral Count Act 1877

            Anotações:

            • Commission set up to count votes
   4. 1880
      1. James A. Garfield

         Anotações:

         • Republican assassinated 1881 by Charles J. Guiteau
         1. Chester A. Arthur
            1. Pendleton Act 1883

               Anotações:

               • stopped patronage started politicians' dependence on big business
      2. Winfield Scott Hancock
   5. 1884
      1. James G. Blaine
      2. Grover Cleveland

         Anotações:

         • Democrat
   6. 1888
      1. Benjamin Harrison

         Anotações:

         • Republican
      2. Grover Cleveland
   7. 1892
      1. Grover Cleveland
      2. Populist Party

         Anotações:

         • -inflation through free unlimited coinage of silver -graduated income tax -gov't ownership of railroads, telegraph, telephone lines -direct election of Senators -one-term President -citizens shape legislation more directly -shorter workday -immigrant restriction
         • violent, failed strikes helped them get support -like Homestead Strike racist and anti-black by 1896
4. Post-Reconstruction South

   Anotações:

   • record high lynchings in 1890s
   1. sharecropping

      Anotações:

      • Freed blacks forced into perpetual debt, often to former masters, through sharecropping and tenant farming
   2. Jim Crow Laws

      Anotações:

      • legal codes of segregation -literacy tests -voter registration for blacks -poll tax
   3. Plessy v Ferguson

      Anotações:

      • "separate but equal"

1. Jay Gould
2. Tweed Ring
3. Credit Mobilier

   Anotações:

   • Union Pacific Railroad forms Credit Mobilier to get gov't contracts at inflated rates. Gave stock to congressmen and VP to keep it going
4. Whiskey Ring
5. Panic of 1873
   1. 1875 Resumption Act

      Anotações:

      • government withdraw more greenbacks and redeem paper currency in gold at face value starting 1879. Passed by Republican Congress
      1. deflationary

         Anotações:

         • -worsened impact of depression -restored gov't's credit rating -brought greenbacks up to face value -Democratic House in 1874
      2. Gold vs. Silver

         Anotações:

         • debtors wanted silver and inflation creditors wanted deflation greenbacks depreciated
6. Tariffs

   Anotações:

   • -high during war=huge surplus -major issue in 1888 election -industrialists opposed lower tariff
7. depression 1893~1897

   Anotações:

   • worst economic downturn of 1800s
   1. causes

      Anotações:

      • -overbuilding, overspeculation -labor disorders -agricultural depression free-silver agitation
   2. results

      Anotações:

      • -businesses collapse -homeless, unemployed -no gov't intervention -gold reserves drop--> J.P Morgan lends gold 1895

1. Railroad Strike of 1877

   Anotações:

   • federal troops called in -exposed weakness of labor movement -gov't helps big business
2. Unions
   1. American Federation of Labor

      Anotações:

      • 1886 - Samuel Gompers -closed shop labor -walkouts and boycotts -skilled craftsmen oonly
   2. Knights of Labor

      Anotações:

      • 1869
   3. National labor Union

      Anotações:

      • 1866 - lasted for 6 years
3. women in the workforce

   Anotações:

   • social reform urban reform social work

1. Irish vs. Chinese

   Anotações:

   • California: Chinese=cheap labor.  Willing to take menial jobs
2. After 1880
   1. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

      Anotações:

      • Prohibited immigration from China until 1943
   2. United States v Wong Kim Ark

      Anotações:

      • 1898 citizenship to all people born on US soil guaranteed by 14th Amendment -protected many immigrant groups
   3. New Immigrants

      Anotações:

      • from south and east Europe 1880s, but esp. early 1900s -illiterate and poor
      1. Reactions
         1. nativism

            Anotações:

            • -Old Immigrants opposed New Immigrants -labor unions opposed to wage-depressing strikebreakers -associated with socialism, communism, anarchism -different -we hate immigrants, basically
            1. restrictive laws

               Anotações:

               • -1882 - paupers, criminals, convicts, Chinese -1885 - foreign workers under contract -insance, polgamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, diseased -1917 - literacy test
         2. Hull House

            Anotações:

            • Jane Addams -settlement house to help immigrants in Chicago    -English, counseling, child-care, cultural activities

Anotações:

• -federal land grants -Union and Central Pacific got federal loans too --bound nation --> east and west connected -stimulated mining, agriculture, immigration West -transport raw materials to factories to consumers -ecological impact -1883 standard time zones

1. Union Pacific
   1. 1869
2. Central Pacific
3. Northern Pacific - 1883
4. Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe - 1884
5. Southern Pacific - 1884
6. Great Northern - 1893
7. Cornelius Vanderbilt

   Anotações:

   • organized railroads
8. pools

   Anotações:

   • divide businesses and share the profits
   1. Interstate Commerce Act - 1887

      Anotações:

      • first large-scale attempt to regulate business in interest of society -prohibits rebates and pools -publish rates openly -Interstate Commerce Commission enforces -avoid ruinous rate wars --> stabilize
9. importance of railroads and technology

   Anotações:

   • -connected US physically -spurred economic growth -concept of time -industry spread -jobs for women -increased wage dependence -factories depersonalized

1. Andrew Carnegie

   Anotações:

   • steel
   1. vertical integration

      Anotações:

      • control every phase of production
   2. "Gospel of Wealth"
2. John D. Rockefeller

   Anotações:

   • Standard Oil Company
   1. horizontal integration

      Anotações:

      • monopolize one phase of production
3. trusts

   Anotações:

   • board of directors control companies' stocks
   1. Sherman Antitrust Act

      Anotações:

      • 1890 trusts illegal restrained trade unions -->ineffective due to many loopholes
4. J. P. Morgan
   1. interlocking directorates

      Anotações:

      • executives from one company serve on Board of directors of another. eliminated banking competition

1. causes of city growth

   Anotações:

   • -skyscraper -commuters -industrial jobs -city life appealing    -electricity, indoor plumbing, phones, engineering marvels    -department stores
2. effects

   Anotações:

   • -more jobs, esp. for women -consumerism -widening class divisions -unsanitary -crime -slums -fire -suburbs

1. Booker T. Washington

   Anotações:

   • education important Tuskegee Institute avoided social equality in favor of education and economic independence
2. W. E. B. Dubois

   Anotações:

   • complete immediate equality NAACP 1909 "talented tenth"

Anotações:

• less opinion, more scandal

1. Yellow journalism

   Anotações:

   • Joseph Pulitzer vs. William Randoph Hearst

1. Art
2. Books
3. Sports

1. public

   Anotações:

   • tax-supported public schooling more popular -more grade schools and high schools -Kindergarten
2. cities

   Anotações:

   • usually better education
3. rural/south

   Anotações:

   • old one-room school houses not as good South lagged behind
4. adults

   Anotações:

   • national public lectures "normal" (teacher-training) schools
5. Colleges and Universities
   1. Land Grant colleges
      1. Morill Act of 1862

         Anotações:

         • public lands for schools
      2. Hatch Act of 1887

         Anotações:

         • federal funds to est. agricultural experiment stations
   2. private philanthropy
   3. Antebellum Colleges

      Anotações:

      • -knowledge and morality -religious instruction -moral philosophy -natural theology
   4. University Reformers

      Anotações:

      • -science over religion -separate "facts" from "values" -abandoned moral instruction
      1. technical schools

         Anotações:

         • industrialization demanded practical courses and specialized vocational training