73538
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Mapa Mental por lauren_walji, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por lauren_walji
mais de 11 anos atrás
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Determinism
- A belief that a determinate set
of conditions can only produce
one possible outcome given
fixed laws of nature
- Everything that happens
has a cause- universal
causation
- Given a total set of
conditions under which a
cause occurs only one
effect is possbible - causal
necessity
- Economic
determinism - Marx
- people are a product of their economic
circumstances. Humans have needs
e.g. food. They 'produce the means of
their subsistence' - and in their work
they take on a 'mode of life'
- E.g. a miner would be working in
harsh conditions and meet few people,
whereas shop keeper would have to
be sociable. Hence work determines
social relations
- Division of labour will occur as people specialise
in different modes of work- causes different modes
of cooperation e.g. boss to worker. Differing work
practices, lifestyles and relationships lead to
development of different ideas, consciousness and
language. Eventually different moralities, politics,
attitudes to religion and philosophy
- E.g. a miner would be working in
harsh conditions and meet few people,
whereas shop keeper would have to
be sociable. Hence work determines
social relations
- So who we are, who we
relate to and how we think are
determined by our working life
- because of division of labour people's
social relationships and conscious
thought very and we become members
of a class, with collective class
consciousness
- because of division of labour people's
social relationships and conscious
thought very and we become members
of a class, with collective class
consciousness
- decisions of free leaders are the
inevitable result of economic
circumstances e.g. Iraq war need for
oil and stable industry
- But - surely mindset of leaders have
developed through discussion and debate
with a life of their own - ideas shape how
the leaders see the world
- E.g. personality of bush, influenced
by religious beliefs was deciding
factor in world events
- does not take into account capacity to
make decisions - once aware of
economic conditioning i can choose to
compensate
- E.g. personality of bush, influenced
by religious beliefs was deciding
factor in world events
- But - surely mindset of leaders have
developed through discussion and debate
with a life of their own - ideas shape how
the leaders see the world
- people are a product of their economic
circumstances. Humans have needs
e.g. food. They 'produce the means of
their subsistence' - and in their work
they take on a 'mode of life'
- Fatalism
- our futures will happen whatever we do, so if i
acted differently the outcome would be the same.
god decided in advance
- denies causal connection (unlike
predestination and determinism)
- The appointment in
Samara
- Aristotle's sea battle
- denies causal connection (unlike
predestination and determinism)
- Criticisms
- life is pointless, not
really living it
- implication of determinism
- life is pointless, not
really living it
- our futures will happen whatever we do, so if i
acted differently the outcome would be the same.
god decided in advance
- Predestination
- God omniscient - god
knows what you are
going to do - you could
not have done
otherwise. If could do
otherwise contradiction
to gods omniscience
- Calvinism - the elite go to heaven
and can live by protestant ethic,
picked before
- Calvinism - the elite go to heaven
and can live by protestant ethic,
picked before
- People would say you are
free but god knows what
you are going to do. NO.
- Can't be free if i could not have
done otherswise. In knowing
what i am going to do god has
decreed what my life will be.
- predestination possible only
from theistic standpoint
- predestination possible only
from theistic standpoint
- Can't be free if i could not have
done otherswise. In knowing
what i am going to do god has
decreed what my life will be.
- God omniscient - god
knows what you are
going to do - you could
not have done
otherwise. If could do
otherwise contradiction
to gods omniscience
- Physicalism
- the mind is the brain. Therefore
chemical reactions in the brain
constitute mental events like pain
(c fibres firing)
- Comparison with physical
world - powerful effects
of lightening - just
electrical discharges in
the atmosphere
- Comparison with physical
world - powerful effects
of lightening - just
electrical discharges in
the atmosphere
- Patricia churchland and tumour- man in
2003 whose sudden depraved sexual
desires traced to brain tumour- removed and
went back to normal. Came back and
weirdness came back
- Criticisms
- 1) Mental states not identical to brain
states - cannot tell exactly what
someone is feeling from brain scans,
pain not identical to c fibre stimulation
- Doctor may not think you are in
pain because of injections but
cannot ignore the cries of pain
- Doctor may not think you are in
pain because of injections but
cannot ignore the cries of pain
- 2) Subjectivity of mental states e.g. love
chemical exists and i could be made to
feel love -questionable whether all
different types of love could be accounted
for in alteration of chemicals
- How can subjectivity be
translated into the
language of chemicals?
- How can subjectivity be
translated into the
language of chemicals?
- 3) Intentionality
- 1) Mental states not identical to brain
states - cannot tell exactly what
someone is feeling from brain scans,
pain not identical to c fibre stimulation
- the mind is the brain. Therefore
chemical reactions in the brain
constitute mental events like pain
(c fibres firing)
- Human action as a
result of environment
and hereditary factors
- Darrow - Leopold and Loeb - argued
result of background and upbringing
- Psychological
- Pavlov - people make decisions
according to predetermined
conditioned patterns e.g. classical
conditioning
- Skinner - operant conditioning
- Pavlov - people make decisions
according to predetermined
conditioned patterns e.g. classical
conditioning
- Spinoza
- men think selves free because are
conscious of their actions but ignorant of
their causes. aware of process of
deliberation according to different desires
- but strongest always wins which is
caused by prior events
- Russel 'we may act as we
please but we may not
please as we please'
- Russel 'we may act as we
please but we may not
please as we please'
- Freewill and illusion
- Only when we are free to develop our
innate abilities are we free, god, through
the law of nature determine what we do,
people are not free. Determined by our
nature
- men think selves free because are
conscious of their actions but ignorant of
their causes. aware of process of
deliberation according to different desires
- but strongest always wins which is
caused by prior events
- Darrow - Leopold and Loeb - argued
result of background and upbringing
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