Reactions

Descrição

A level Chemistry (Unit 2) Mapa Mental sobre Reactions, criado por Robin M em 07-05-2013.
Robin M
Mapa Mental por Robin M, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Robin M
Criado por Robin M mais de 11 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Reactions
  1. Alkanes
    1. Combustion
      1. Exothermic
        1. Non-Toxic Products
          1. Example...

            Anotações:

            • C3H8 + 5O2 ===> 3CO2 + 4H2O
          2. Halogenation
            1. Under UV Radiation
              1. Free Radical Mechanism
                1. Propagation
                  1. Initiation
                    1. Termination
                    2. Mixture of Products
                      1. Example...

                        Anotações:

                        • CH4 +CL2 =UV=> CH3CL + HCL CH3CL+CL2 =UV=> CH2CL2 +HCL etc...
                    3. Alkenes
                      1. Combustion
                        1. Exothermic
                          1. Smoky Flame
                            1. Example...

                              Anotações:

                              • 2C3H6 + 9O2 ===> 6CO2+6H2O
                            2. Electrophilic Addition
                              1. Bromination
                                1. With Bromine
                                  1. Example...

                                    Anotações:

                                    • H2C=CH2 + Br2  ===>              Br-H2C-CH2-Br (dibromoalkane)
                                  2. With Bromine Water
                                    1. Example...

                                      Anotações:

                                      • H2C=CH2 + Br2 + H2O ===>      Br-H2C-CH2-OH + HBr (bromoalcohol)
                                      1. Test for alkene
                                        1. Decolourises
                                      2. Can be in dark
                                      3. Hydrobromination
                                        1. Example...

                                          Anotações:

                                          • H3C-CH=CH2 + HBR ===>
                                          1. Major Product

                                            Anotações:

                                            • H3C-CH(Br)-CH3
                                            1. Minor Product

                                              Anotações:

                                              • H3C-CH2-CH2-Br
                                        2. Catalytic Addition
                                          1. Hydrogenation
                                            1. Example...

                                              Anotações:

                                              • H2C=CH2 + H2 =Pt, High Temp, High Pressure=>H3C-CH3 
                                            2. Hydration
                                              1. Ethanol Manufacture
                                                1. Example...

                                                  Anotações:

                                                  • H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) =H3PO4, High Pressure, 300C=>           H3C-CH2-OH
                                              2. Oxidative Addition
                                                1. Test for alkenes
                                                  1. Example...

                                                    Anotações:

                                                    • H2C=CH2 + [O] + H2O             [O]=KMnO4, Acid/Alkali=> HO-H2C-CH2-OH (diol) If acid, purple is decolourised.      If alkali, purple goes green 
                                                  2. Addition Polymerisation
                                                    1. Free Radical Mechanism
                                                      1. Example...

                                                        Anotações:

                                                        • n H2C=CH2 =catalyst, pressure=> -(-H2C-CH2-)-n poly(ethene)
                                                    2. Halogenoalkanes
                                                      1. With Ammonia
                                                        1. Example...

                                                          Anotações:

                                                          • R-X + NH3 =xs NH3, pressure, closed vessel=> R-NH2 + HX (primary amine) An additional mole of ammonia is required to react with HX formed. PTO for competing reaction...
                                                          • R-X + R-NH2 ===> R2NH + HX (secondary amine)
                                                        2. With Aqueous KOH
                                                          1. Test For R-X

                                                            Anotações:

                                                            • Neutralise with HNO3 Add AgNO3
                                                            1. White Precipitate:- R-Cl
                                                              1. Cream Precipitate:- R-Br
                                                                1. Yellow Precipitate:- R-I
                                                                2. Example...

                                                                  Anotações:

                                                                  • R-X + OH^- =aqueous KOH=>   R-OH + X^-
                                                                  1. Rate
                                                                    1. R-I > R-Br > R-Cl
                                                                      1. Tert. > Secd. > Pri.
                                                                    2. With Ethanolic KOH
                                                                      1. Elimination of HX
                                                                        1. Example...

                                                                          Anotações:

                                                                          • H3C-CH2X + OH^- =ethanolic KOH=> H2C=CH2 + H2O + X^-
                                                                      2. Alcohols
                                                                        1. With Sodium
                                                                          1. Example...

                                                                            Anotações:

                                                                            • 2C3H7OH +2Na ===>   2C3H7O^-Na^+ H2 (sodium propoxide)
                                                                          2. Dehydration
                                                                            1. Example...

                                                                              Anotações:

                                                                              • C3H7OH =conc. H2SO4=>     H3C-HC=CH2 + H2O (alkene)
                                                                            2. Halogenation
                                                                              1. With Phosphorous trihalides
                                                                                1. Examples...

                                                                                  Anotações:

                                                                                  • For chloroalkane... 3C3H7OH + PCl3 ==>         3C3H7Cl +H3PO3
                                                                                  • For bromoalkane... 3C3H7OH + P + 1.5Br2 =heat under reflux=> 3C3H7Br +H3PO3
                                                                                  • For iodoalkane... 3C3H7OH + P + 1.5I2 =heat under reflux=> 3C3H7I +H3PO3
                                                                                2. With PCl5
                                                                                  1. Test For OH Group
                                                                                    1. Example...

                                                                                      Anotações:

                                                                                      • C3H7OH + PCl5 ==>         C3H7Cl + POCl3 + HCl (steamy fumes, turn damp litmus paper red) 
                                                                                    2. With Thionyl Chloride
                                                                                      1. Makes For Easily Purifiable Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                        1. Example...

                                                                                          Anotações:

                                                                                          • C3H7OH + SOCl2 ==>     C3H7Cl + SO2(g) + HCl(g)
                                                                                        2. With Hydrogen Halides
                                                                                          1. Examples...

                                                                                            Anotações:

                                                                                            • For chloroalkane...(CH3)3C-OH + HCl =conc. HCl=> C3H7Cl + H2O (only with tertiary alcohols)
                                                                                            • For bromoalkane...C3H7OH + HBr =NaBr, conc. H2SO4, distill product=> C3H7Br +H2O
                                                                                            • For iodoalkane... C3H7OH +HI =KI, conc. H3PO4, distill product=> C3H7I + H2O
                                                                                        3. Oxidation
                                                                                          1. Primary

                                                                                            Anotações:

                                                                                            • R-CH2-OH + [O] =distilling=> R-C(=O)(-H) (aldehyde) [O] = K2Cr2O7 PTO if not distilled...
                                                                                            • R-CH2-OH + 2[O] =boil under reflux=> R-C(=O)(-OH) (carboxylic acid)
                                                                                            1. Secondary

                                                                                              Anotações:

                                                                                              • R2CH-OH + [O] ==> R-C(=O)(-R) (ketone)
                                                                                              1. Tertiary

                                                                                                Anotações:

                                                                                                • R3C-OH + [O] ==> no reaction

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