History of Medicine: The Renaissance

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1. Vesalius
   1. Background
      1. Born in Brussels, 1514
      2. Attended the University of Paris for 3 years
      3. He was only 3 foot, 3 inches tall
      4. His father was a doctor
   2. Discoveries
      1. Stole bodies and dissected them
      2. Found that there were 206 bones in the body
      3. Proved Galen wrong on 200 counts
         1. Jaw bone in humans is one part, not two
      4. Started piecing the body parts together with organs and muscles
   3. Significance
      1. Somebody had finally challenged Galen's ideas
      2. First to release a book with drawings that was published worldwide
         1. New discoveries spread widely
      3. Helped to improve surgery
2. Pare
   1. Background
      1. Born in France, 1510
      2. Started medical training as a barber surgeon
         1. Apprentice to his brother
      3. Worked for 20 years on the battle field
         1. Treated gun shot and stab wounds
      4. Died at age of 90 in 1590
   2. Discoveries
      1. During a war, the oil used to stop blood flowing from wounds ran out
         1. Pare developed his own mixture of egg yolks, roses and oil of turpentine
         2. Oil was boiled and then applied, causing great pain
      2. He started tying up the arteries after amputation in method now known as ligatures.
   3. Significance
      1. Pare never thought he already knew the answer, refusing to just accept ancient methods
      2. A compassionate man who wanted his patients to have less pain
      3. Developed more humane methods of treating wounds that reduced pain
         1. Possibly reduced deaths by shock
3. Harvey
   1. Background
      1. Born in Kent, 1578
      2. Studied medicine at Cambridge
      3. Worked as a doctor
         1. Was physician to King James I
      4. Led lectures
      5. Wrote a book on his discoveries
         1. "An Anatomical Account of the motion of the heart and blood in animals."
   2. Discoveries
      1. Dissected animals
      2. Wrote down all of his experiments in great detail
      3. Discovered blood circulates around the body pumped by the heart
         1. Subsequently discovered CPR to keep blood flowing
      4. Measured the amount of blood moved in each heartbeat
      5. Mapped the movement of blood around the body
   3. Significance
      1. First person in medical history to have a developed understanding of blood loss
      2. Gave doctors and surgeons a better concept of blood loss
      3. His work paved the way for future blood transfusions
      4. Yet another person to prove Galen wrong
4. What happened?

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   • Try to link the discoveries and significance of Vesalius, Harvey and Pare to these factors of the Renaissance.
   1. Art
      1. Explosion in art output!
         1. Art students drew disections
   2. Wealth
      1. More people can afford doctors
   3. Machinery
      1. New technology for more precise surgery
         1. Crows beak to seal wounds
         2. First prosthetic hand
   4. Challenges
      1. Challenging old theories from Galen etc.
   5. Experiments
      1. Science is more influential than religion on medicine
         1. Vesalius and Harvey carried out dissections
   6. Printing
      1. The printing press invented in 1450s
         1. Allowed for faster spread of knowledge through books
   7. Education
      1. New universities across Europe
         1. Better medical education
   8. War
      1. Conflicts gave surgeons first hand experience
         1. New mixture for stopping blood from wounds