chnages that have taken place since 1900 and may have affected attitudes to crime are;
VOTING everyone over 18 can vote, suffragettes
TRANSPORT speed of transport has shrunk the world
and smuggling is occuring so their is security at airports
WE ARE
GLOBAL
im/exporting with
cheaper
manufacturing
countries, better
communications
and connection
speeds, more
allies and inter
linked
INDUSTRY less production jobs in UK so
more unemployment and crime in recession
WARS WW1-trenches WW2-more advanced,
afgahnistan, iran, fought to liberate or escape
government oppression, not just for power.
TOLERANCE to
religion, sexuality,
races and ethnicities
has increased, less
harsh as no CP
GENDER ROLES women are theoretically but
not always equal to men, less stereotypically
restricted and so more job opportunities, women
can be raped with drugs etc
MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
hacking, fraud etc made
easier, CCTV catches
criminals, subliminal
messaging
Changes to what constitutes a crime
attitudes towards this change over time
eg in 16th century begging was a crime
and in 19th century workers organising
themselves to protect wages and
conditions became a crime. there has
been similar changes since 1900, some
permanent and some temporary
CONSCIENTIOUS
OBJECTION = in 1916
conscription was introduced
and forced men to join the
army in WW1 and if they
didn't they were considered
criminals unless they could
persuade a special tribunal
to make them exempt from
military service. if men
refused an order they were
court-martialled and could be
given 2yrs in prison
(TEMPORARY CHANGE)
COWARDICE IN FACE OF ENEMY = deserting post was always crime but
terrible effect of WW1's modern warfare on soldiers meant many who
deserted there posts suffered from shell shock. today they would be given
mental health care but between 1914-1918, 306 deserts were executed
(TEMPORARY CHANGE)
TRAFFIC CRIME = speeding, dangerous/drink driving and using phone are all crimes but weren't
before the 20th century because there was no cars or mobiles. vhanges in technology made it
necsessary to change how we control people's use of this technology to protect each other and
changes in society have made drink driving and driving dangerously unacceptable-some drivers resnt
speed cameras and feel there is no danger if the go over the limit (PERMANENT CHANGE)
RACE CRIME = Race Relations Act (1969) made it illegal to refuse housing, employment or
public services to a person on their colour, race, ethnic or national origin and so discrimination
became illegal. continued racial abuse and violence to minority groups has meant 'racially
motivated crime' is explicitly punished but before the 20th century racist motivation of such
crime would not be considered serious (PERMANENT CHANGE)
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE = has often been ignored unless involving murder or serious assault. it was often a hidden
crime but during 20th century there has been increasing rights of womne and children and levels of violence that
exist in some homes. this has led to changes in the law to punish such violence. (PERMANENT CHANGE)
changing attitudes can cause new definitions of crimes eg
driving with phone since people have realised it leads to
accidents
new and old aspects of crimes
INTERNATIONAL SMUGGLING new-in 2007=08 customs seized 41,422kg of illegal drugs worth millions. a
gov study in 1999 showed that since 1997 about £5billion taxes had been lost because of illegal cigarette import to
UK old-organised gangs in 18th century used to smuggle goods such as wool. while most people disapprove of
smuggling illegal drugs today, they may be less concerned about cigarettes and alcohol, an 18th century attitude.
PEOPLE TRAFFICKING new-UK stats show about 4,000 women/children are trafficked into prostitution at any
one time in the UK. many men, women and children are trafficked into forced labour eg domestic slavery,
farmwork, building work and food processing old-'white slave trade' was term first used in 1830s and referred to
female and esp child prostitution. in 1885 william stead (newspaper editor) and bramwell booth (from salvation
army) joined forces to expose trade in child prostitutes
COMPUTER CRIME new-technology of computers can be used to carry
out many types of crime eg -storgae of illegal images on hard disk not
print, -illegal downloads of music and other forms of piracy, -'phishing'
using fake emails to direct a computer to fraudulent website to illegally
transfer money, PW's or card details, -Hacking gaining unauthorised
access to computer, writing a virus or deleting stored data old-most of
these are old crimes using new technology eg storing illegal images,
harssing someone, impersonating someone, illegally taking moeny by
fraud, but some, eg hacking, are new crimes created by new technology.
new crimes can develop due to new technology eg speeding
changing attitudes to prisoners in the 20th century and the reforms
that took place in prisons after 1922 were mainly down to
Alexander Patterson. he encouraged people to reject the idea that
criminals were born bad and instead thought they were ordinary
people lead astray by family or friends or forced to crime because
of poverty. he believed that although loss of freedom in prisons was
a punishment, it wouldn't stop all criminals from re-offending and
instead he wanted to reform prisoners to prevent future crime.
reforms and alternatives to prisons in general
1896=broadmoor prison was established for the mentally ill 1898 aim of prisons summed up as 'humanisation of
individual and training for freedom' 1922=separate system abolished 1919=prison officers called wardens. given
training on how to re-educate prisoners 1933='open prisons' introduced for less dangerous prisoners and those close to
release 1907=probation officers worked with prisoner to monitor and improve behavior. some prisons put people on
probation instead of prison 1914=prisoners given longer to repay fines so they didn't end up in prison again
1948=Criminal Justice Act abolished hard labour and corporal punishment 1962=birching (whipping) abolished
1965=CP abolished 1967=parole introduced where prisoners could be released early for good behaviour. suspended
sentences introduced=criminals avoid prison if did not reoffend 1972=community service introduced as alternative
>high security prisons established for more dangerous prisoners 1990=tagging mainly for those on probation
reform to women's prisons
4 units for juvenile female offenders, 7 mother and baby units where prisoners can care for
children and women prisons have health services available and more access to children
reform and alternatives for children and the prison system
1908=prisons called borstals set up for young criminals intended to protect
them from older prisoners and stop thme being influenced by them 1933=age of
criminal responsibility raised to 8 1948=Crminal Justice Act set up separate
prisons for some young criminals 1963=age of criminal responsibility raised to
10 1969=age of criminal responsibility raised to 14. juvenile courts, supervisions
and care orders introduced to protect and help young offenders 1983=detention
center and youth custody replace borstals and prisons for those under 21
why did the prison regime change after
1947?
1-crime and fear of crime reduced
2-between 1910 and 1930's prison
population halved 3-80% of
prisoners were short term or one
time offenders 4-reforming
prisoners became increasingly
important 5-prison was not always
seen as a deterrent.
how did the prison service come under strain after 1947?
more prisoners as the prison
population rose steeply from the
1940s, not only as a result of
rising crime
average length of sentence was rising and
the previously unusual ten years became
common for violent offenders
proportion of offenders sent to prison
for certain crimes rose dramatically eg
proportion of drunk drivers ent to prison
x3 in 1980's and proportion of thieves
sent to prison rose by 1/4 between
1977 and 1984
numbers in prison awaiting trial
increased and some were on remand
awaiting trial for up to a year.
less reform meant overcrowding became a significant problem in
the 1980's. leeds prison was designed for 624 prisoners but held
1200 in 1981. it had 16 baths, 3 showers, variable water supply and
the capacity for only four baths to be used at once. in some
prisons, overcrowding was combined with staff shortages and
meant that criminals had to spend up to 23 hours a day in their cell
and reform and education programs were cut. 40% of prisoners
were serving long sentences for violent crime and overcrowded
conditions caused tension and serious prison riots.
more prisons were introduced to respond to these problems because the 'fear of crime' in
the 1980's meant sending fewer people to crime was not politically acceptable. alternatives
were considered for juveniles and minor offenders but because the political mood was that
prisoners should be sent to prison, the governemnnt decided to build more prisons
including, for the firtst time since the early 19th century, prison ships and private prisons.
private prisons were run by security companies who were paid by the government per
prisoner. they mainly housed low-risk offenders and they operated under a strict set of rules
unlike the 19th century.
developments in policing
weapons-police can carry
truncheons, tazers, CS gas and
can use guns and riot gear when
necessary. this had to happen
because the police were
vulnerable to attack and weapons
allowed the officers to protect
themselves and arrest violent
criminals. not all police had
guns however as they wanted to
be distinguished from soldiers
transport-can work on foot, horse,
motorbike or car. from 1930s cars
and motorbikes gave police a speed
advantage making them more
effective. in 1970s car had greater
impact as police changed their
methods of working by replacing
bobby on the beat with rapid
response teams to quickly reach
crime scenes. police on foot and
horses offered social reassurance
and were reintroduced after foot
patrol was initially taken away.
crime detection-blood groups allowed blood samples to be used and DNA
can also provide samples. databases can store fingerprints and CCTV
and TV help to identify criminals too. discovery of blood groups in 1901
meant blood samples could be used and the creation of 1st national
register of fingerprints (also 1901) meant they could be stored and help to
identify suspects. DNA sampling was caused by science and TV and
security video recordings were called by technological advances.
training and
recruitment-try to
attrcat high-quality
candidates. there is
good pay and National
Police Training College
started in 1947. all
officers have at least
14 weeks of training
before starting work
and local forces have
specialists for
continued police
training.women
officers first appointed
in 1920 to deal with
women and young
people and have
increasingly taken on
roles similar to males
but there are still
fewer
communication-new radio technology helped to catch
murderer dr crippen in 1910 as he fled overseas. 1920s,
morse code transmitters were installed in police cars and
police telephone boxes for patrolling officers to call for help
were set up. 1930s two-way ardios introduced in police cars
and 999 emergency system started. noe all officers have two
way radio for instant communication with station/hq
organisation-total number of officers in britain increased but number of separate forces
was cut from 200 to 41. all forces work in similar way and together on many aspects of law
and order and crime prevention. some people want a single, national police force but has
been constantly opposed with arguments from early 1800s who fear it would be too much
power in the hands of the government that they would use to enforce unpopular methods
powers=their basic powers have changed very little they can still QUESTIONING (ask suspect to come to station for
questioning but cannot force them without arrest), ARREST (right to arrest a person if they reasonably suspect person is
committing an offence), REPORTING (cannot arrest someone for minor offences eg speeding or parking offences but can
impose on-the-spot fines and report the suspect who will later be called to court), SEARCH (normally need a warrant from a
magistarate to search a private property and have to convince the magistrate the request is reasonable).
specialisation-so varied impossible to be skilled in all kinds of work. since 1945
major crime prevention has been dealt with by national squads eg Fraud Squad
(1946), Anti-Terrorist Squad (1971) and Special Patrol Group (1965;since 1987
renamed Metropolitan Patrol Group) which deals with inner city riots and threats to
public order.
computer records-improved
local police record keeping
and is also centralised
National Computer Record
including database of
fingerprints, motor vehicle
details and info about missing
people which can be used by
all local forces
work-public still see police as thief-catchers but dealing with crime is only one part. 1993 only 18% of calls
to police were crime related rest were about lost property or noisy neighbours. more likely to control crowd,
diffuse argument, move drunk than catch thief.
Stephen Lawrence murder
he was 18 and was
killed on 22nd april 1993
whilst waiting for a bus
with his friend duwayne
brooks. he was stabbed
twice by a gang of white
youths, severing two
arteries
can be seen as a racist crime as it was inflicted on black by white and witness
accounts describe how they shouted 'what, what nigger' before killing him. racism
was seen in the investigation too and is thought to be the cause of some police
failings.
case was investigated by police using public tip-offs to identify
suspects (niel acourt, dave norris, jamie acourt and gary dobson and
then to luke knight) and then using background knowledge such as
gangs links and racist veiws to cement their suspicions and validity.
public enquiry was held, and after lawrence family attacked police in a
press conference for not acting, clothing was seized and arrests
were made. Niel Acourt and Luke Knight were charged but later
released due to 'insufficient evidence' and duwayne brooks evidence
was proved unreliable despite private prosecution. a full inquest was
held 4 years later and concluded stephen was unlawfully killed by 5
white youths after the 5 friends refused to answer questions.
after the police investigation, the lawrence family launched a private prosecution which failed in
1996 after eyewitness info was proved unreliable which acquitted 3 suspects. a full inquest proved
the unlawful killing of stephen by 3 white youths, and during the investigtion, the police were attached
by the lawrence family in a press conference.
in february 1997 the case was brought back to public attention by the daily mail when
it printed murder accusaions against the 5 suspects and told them to sue if they
were innocent,. they all denied involvement on tv but did not sue
2 laws were introduced after Sir William
Macpherson concluded that police had
failed basic duties in the case were 1-Race
Relations Amendment Act-meant that
public bodies had to show equality in their
treatment of people (2000) and 2- Criminal
Justice Act which abolished double
jeopardy and allowed someone to be tried
twice for the same crime even if they were
cleared at the first hearing (2003)
new techniques were used by the police to catch the criminals by re-examining
clothing from the scene and testing blood reminants in the storage bag and the
jacket for DNA which allowed two suspects to be linked to the scene and Lawrence.
microsopes allowde specimens to be indentified accurately and tested thouroighly.
the final investigation convicted dobson and norris of murder 10 years
after the crime and provided some closure for the family, but 3 other
suspects believed to be involved have not been punished or brought to
justice.
from the case, we can leqrn that modern policing was flawed which can
be seen due to the fact the case was shambolic, long-winded,
unprofessional, brief, racist and poorly conducted. the racist attitudes
and failure to fulfill duties show that the police force lacked structure and
moral values in the past and that it was socially influenced and therefore
unable to deliver justice. however, we can also see that policing has
moved on significantly since these errors and that new laws have been
introduced to combat these issues and technology has made it easier
and better equipped to solve crime eg DNA techniques.
TERRORISM
how do they attack? in the 20th century,
moet terrorist attacks involve bombings eg
IRA bombs left in public places and
intended to exploded and hurt people. the
IRA would generally leave the bomb in a
place and then ring the police to tell them
what they had done as they wanted the
public to be afraid but not always hurt. (the
warrington bombings were an example of
when they did want people to be hurt).
changes in technology and changes in the
attitudes of terrorists (prepared to be
suicide bombers) has changed these
techniques.
recently used weapons include; ANTHRAX (natural
disease that will kill. anthrax bacteria in form of white
powder used to spread the disease-sometimes posted),
BOMB (often used because scare lots of people, easily
hidden, bomber can leave and timer causes explosion),
CAR BOMB (explosives put in car pr vehicle and set off
remotely eg timer/control/mobile), CYBER TERRORISTS
(attack internet & computer networks using hacking,
viruses. sometimes work together to overload servers
that store webpages), GAS ATTACK (poison gas in
public), HIJACKING (use force to take control of
vehicles-passengers as hostages/vehicle as weapon),
LETTER BOMB (explosives that blow up when
opened-used un UK by IRA and extreme animals rights
groups), MORTAR BOMB (bomb fired from metal tube or
pipe, flies short distance and then detonated by timer.
popular because cheaply made. used by IRA to attack 10
DS), SUICIDE BOMB (explosives attached to bombers
body and hidden under clothes. approach target and
detonate)
some ways that have been tried to stop
terrorism are; 1=hunt down terrorists or
monitor those we think may be terrorists (hard
to catch them as can go into hiding, new
volunteers take place of captured or killed,
difficult to identify bomber/prospective
bombers eg four suicide bombers in london in
2005 were quiet with no criminal record,
secret training camps abroad, items used are
everyday eg phones and fertiliser so hard to
monitor purchases)
2=attack those who help terrorists
(what is happening in afgahnistan.
without help it is harder for terrorists
to operate but not impossible and
does not stop
friends/associates/relatives/terrorists
protecting and helping)
3=prevent attacks
(improving security at
airports/stations/public
places has stopped attacks,
get public to be vigilant. hard
to be ready as always new
target/type of attack)
4=educating so
understand why
terrorism is wrong
(reduce people who
feel attracted to
terrorist activities but
some are
brainwashed/forced
into ignoring ideas
5=political answer
(involving groups of
people with terrorist
connection in politics but
is unpopular because
can make it look like
they've won
why is it so hard to stop terrorists
attacks? 1-don't always know who
terrorists are 2-attacks are hard to predict
3-wide variety of methods so hard to
know which one will be used 4-some
people will always protect terrorists
why was capital punishment abolished?
TIMELINE OF EVENTS 18908=people under 16 no longer
hanged 1933=people under 18 (at time crime committed) no longer hanged
1950=Timothy Evans executed for murder of his wife
1953=Derek Bentley hanged at Wandsworth Prison
1955=Ruth Ellis, last woman hanged in UK 1964=last
execution; Peter Anthony Allen and Gwynne Owen Evans
1965=capital punishment for murder cases suspended for
5 years 1969 abolition of capital punishment for murder
changes in the law after 1900 as listed meant
that more people thought executing another
person was wrong, an attitude greatly
contrasting to those held in earlier periods of
history.
controversial executions caused public opinion to become much more critical of capital punishment.
TIMOTHY EVANS 1950-he was hung
for killing his wife and baby but
evidence later showed that mrs evans
and at least 5 other women had been
killed by a man named Christie who
lived in the same block of flats as the
Evans'. in 1966 he was posthumously
pardoned
DEREK BENTLEY 1953-Bentley (19) and
Christopher Craig (16) broke into a london
warehouse in 1952 and craig shot and killed
a police man. Bentley had serious learning
difficulties and had a mental age of 11. both
were found guilty of murder but only betley
was executed as craig was under 18. their
was public protest against the sentence and
this placed more pressure on the government
to change the laws about the DP.he was
posthumously pardoned in 1998
RUTH ELLIS 1955-was a controversial case
as she suffered violent abuse from boyfriend
she shot but the killing was planned and ruth
was sane. the jury had no choice but to find
her guilty but the case made people unhappy
no other sentence was available.
a change in the law in 1957 limited death sentence to five types
of murder. in 1965 another change abolished capital punishment
but allowed another vote on it 5yrs later. however, treason, piracy
with violence and arson in the royal docktards remained capital
crimes. in december 1969 parliament confirmed the abolition of
CP for murder.