Immunology

Descrição

AS level Biology (Immunology) Mapa Mental sobre Immunology, criado por Molly Barton em 08-03-2017.
Molly Barton
Mapa Mental por Molly Barton, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Molly Barton
Criado por Molly Barton mais de 7 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Immunology
  1. Phagocytosis
    1. Non-Specific
      1. Phagocyte detects pathogen from release of chemicals
        1. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen into phagosome
          1. Fusion with lysosome containing lysozymes forms phagolysosome
            1. Lysozymes hydrolyse pathogen and waste products are excreted
              1. Antigens presented on cell surface
      2. Antigens
        1. Protein molecule that stimulates an immune response and production of anitbodies
        2. Antibodies
          1. Protein made in response to a foreign antigen and bind specifically to an antigen
            1. Quaternary Structure
              1. Form antigen-antibody complex
                1. Agglutination-clumping of antigens allowing phagocytes to destroy pathogen
                2. Specific Immune Response
                  1. T cells are activated by joining to antigen
                    1. Activate B cells to divide by mitosis and differentiate
                      1. Plasma B cells-produce antibodies
                        1. Memory B cells used for future re-infection
                          1. T killer cells produced to kill infected cells
                      2. Types of Immunity
                        1. Passive
                          1. Antibodies received from elsewhere (mother/antiserum)
                            1. Doesn't require exposure
                              1. Immediate protection
                                1. No memory cells produced
                                  1. Short term
                                  2. Active
                                    1. Provided by memory cells from a primary response to pathogen
                                      1. Requires exposure
                                        1. Takes time
                                          1. Memory cells produced
                                            1. Long term
                                          2. Vaccination Ethics
                                            1. Testing on animals
                                              1. Would human testing be justified?
                                                1. Who is it available to? Third world countries?
                                                  1. Risk of side effects VS Possible of benefit
                                                    1. Compulsory?
                                                    2. Monoclonal Antibodies
                                                      1. Uses:
                                                        1. Research
                                                          1. Immunoassays
                                                            1. Diagnosis
                                                            2. ELISA
                                                              1. Indirect
                                                                1. Direct
                                                              2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
                                                                1. HIV causes T helper cells to die and decrease in number so the immune system is weakened
                                                                  1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-accumulation of many various diseases
                                                                    1. Symptoms:
                                                                      1. Low number of T Helper cells
                                                                        1. One of more infections
                                                                          1. Increased risk of cancers
                                                                            1. Severe body wasting

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