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8334615
B4
Descrição
GCSE Biology Mapa Mental sobre B4, criado por Fin Carson em 29-03-2017.
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biology
gcse
Mapa Mental por
Fin Carson
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
Fin Carson
mais de 7 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
B4
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis - Process where plants make their own food
Respiration is the process by which all organisms release energy from food
Enzymes
Chemicals that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes are proteins. They are long chains of amino acids
The chemicals that enzymes work on are called substrates
Active site - special shape to fit certain substrates - Like key and lock
After enzymes react their substrates product molecules are released
Enzymes need a specific pH and temperature to work at their optimum
They stop working if the pH is inappropriate or the temperature is too high
37 degrees is the most common optimum for mammals enzymes
As the temperature increases, enzyme activity increases as temperature increases rate of reaction
High temperatures or unsuitable pH can denature an enzyme / change the shape of its active site
Glucose
Photosynthesis happens in plant cells and in some microorganisms such as phytoplankton
Sunlight is absorbed by the green chlorophyll which are found in chloroplasts
Uses
Converted to chemicals needed for the plants growth
Converted into starch for storage
Used in respiration
6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Cells
Surrounded by cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell
Animals
Nucleus - cytoplasm - cell membrane - mitochondria
Plants
Nucleus - cytoplasm - cell membrane - mitochondria - cell wall
Microorganisms
Cytoplasm - Cell membrane - Cell wall
Bacteria cells have no nucleus
Yeast have mitochondria - bacteria dont
Transport of chemicals
Diffusion
Movement of chemicals from high to low concentrations
In photosynthesis
Water is taken up by plant roots by diffusion
CO2 diffuses through plant leaves
Oxygen leaves plants by diffusion
Its passive - doesnt require any energy as it happens by random molecule movement
Osmosis
Special kind of diffusion involving water
Happens when chemicals are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
Overall movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Movement of water into roots
Active transport
Nitrates are normally in higher concentrations in plants so they can't use diffusion
Active transport uses energy from respiration to transport chemicals across a cell membrane
Factors with photosynthesis
Can be limited by CO2, light intensity and temperature
If light intensity or CO2 levels are increased the rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off
At the point the graph levels out something is limiting it, this is called the limiting factor
As temperature increases the rate increases up to a certain point and then decreases due to denaturing of enzymes
Investigation
Use an identification key / survey to identify plants - measure how common they are - use a light meter to measure intensity
Ecologists investigate the abundance and distribution of plants - at different locations and in different areas
A quadrat (wooden frame) is used to sample an area
It is thrown randomly - a number of times so that an average is taken
If there is an obvious change in the plants in the area use the quadrat in a line called a transect
Trees and stuff provide shade and can often affect the growth of plants
May be a correlation between the distance from a tree or something and the growth of nearby plants at high or low densities
Respiration
Aerobic
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water (energy released)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H20
Only done when organism has enough oxygen
It is done by a series of enzyme reactions
Occurs in every cell in the body
Anaerobic
When oxygen is low
glucose -> lactic acid (energy)
C6H12O6 --> 2 C3H6O3
Done in animal muscle cells during vigorous exercise - plant roots in waterlogged soil - bacteria in deep puncture wounds
Fermentation
Type of anaerobic respiration used by some microorganisms
Yeast and some plants do this
glucose --> ethanol + CO2 (energy)
Ethanol is alcohol so it is useful for us
Bubbles of CO2 make bread rise and alcoholic drinks sparkle
In bread alcohol is evaporated as it is cooked
Anexos de mídia
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