875451
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Brendan Williams, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Brendan Williams
aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Copiado por Brendan Williams
aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Copiado por Brendan Williams
aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Copiado por Brendan Williams
aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Animal Learning
- Classical conditioning
- Before
UCS->UCR
NS->No response
- Conditioning
UCS+NS->UCR
- After
CS->CR
- NS before UCS -
strong conditioing
- Longer delay
after NS before
UCS - weaker
conditioing
- NS with UCS -
unpredictable
conditioning
- NS after
UCS -
ineffective
conditioning
- Extinction -
CS-CR link
disappears
after
removal of
UCS
- Spontanious
recovery -
UCS and CS
paired again,
rapid link
- Stimulus
generalisation
- stimulus
similar to CS
produces CR
- Stimulus
discrimination
- NS similar to
CS does not
produce UCR
- Taste
aversion
- Doesn't require
many conditionings
- Doesn't require UCS
and NS to occur closely
- Doesn't require
many conditionings
- Before
UCS->UCR
NS->No response
- Operant conditioning
- Spontaneous behaviour
produces consequences
- Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement
- pleasant consequence
from behaviour
- Negative reinforcement - behaviour
stops something unpleasant
- Positive reinforcement
- pleasant consequence
from behaviour
- Schedules of
reinforcement
- Fixed ratio -
1in10 reward
- Variable ratio -
rewarded 60%,
unpredictable
- Fixed
interval -
rewarded
after 10min
- Variable
interval - time
intervals 4 an
hour
- Fixed ratio -
1in10 reward
- Punishment
- Positive punishment -
adding an unpleasant
consequence
- Negative punishment -
removal of something pleasant
- Positive punishment -
adding an unpleasant
consequence
- Spontaneous behaviour
produces consequences
- The behaviour of animals
- Training animals for relsease
- Simple conditioning, dolphins
associate humans with food
- Compound conditioning, adding
appropriate stimulus i.e noise
humans also come without food
- Necessary to make sure
animals don't learn behaviours
making them endangered
- Dependence on
humans created
through regular
food intervals
- Simple conditioning, dolphins
associate humans with food
- Foraging - operant conditioning
- Woodpeckers reinforced by
pecking tree - receive food
- Food
extinguished
- pecking
slowly stops
- Food
extinguished
- pecking
slowly stops
- Agetsuma - food
patch quality
manipulated,
monkeys visited
high quality
areas more
frequently
- Woodpeckers reinforced by
pecking tree - receive food
- Positive
reinforcement training
- Desensitisation
- fearful object
& reward = less
fearful
- Cooperative feeding -
dominant animals rewarded
allowing subordinates to feed
& them being brave enough to
approach dominant animals
- Enhances
psychological
wellbeing
- Used to remove
stressors associated
with research
- Used to remove
stressors associated
with research
- Clay et al - Macaques desinsitised
fearing humans. Conditioned
group less fearful than control
- Desensitisation
- fearful object
& reward = less
fearful
- Training animals for relsease
- Intelligence in non
human animals
- Machiavellian intelligence
- The ability to
intentionally
decieve another
- Knowledge
of ToM
- Knowledge
of ToM
- Manipulation
of others
- Management
of attention -
diverting
attention to
profit the
deciever
- Creating an image
- changing view of
individual
- Grooming an individual
before snatching food
- Grooming an individual
before snatching food
- Management
of attention -
diverting
attention to
profit the
deciever
- Apes
form
alliances
- Weaker males with
more powerful
males
- Sex with
dominant
male, more
likely to
protect
offspring
- Weaker males with
more powerful
males
- Deag & Crook -
subordinate macaques
carry young approaching
dominant male
- Agonistic buffering -
males less likely to attack
- Agonistic buffering -
males less likely to attack
- highly
developed -
selection
pressure
- Maestripieri -
machiavellian
intelligence in
macaques
- Unable to recognise themselves
- Unable to recognise themselves
- The ability to
intentionally
decieve another
- Self recognition
- Ability to recognise yourself
seen as intelligence
- Gallup - Chimps will use a
mirror to touch a red mark
on their forehead and ears
- Reiss & Marino - Dolphins marked with
black ink or water, inked dolphins spent
longer in front of reflective surfaces
- Delfour & Marten - Also found this in
killer whales, they had cognitive ability
needed for self recognition
- Delfour & Marten - Also found this in
killer whales, they had cognitive ability
needed for self recognition
- Plotnik et al - Elephants used
a mirror to touch a mark on
their head
- May not be intelligence, they
just felt it on their skin
- May not be intelligence, they
just felt it on their skin
- Heyes - Little
evidence for self
recognition in all
primates
- Not all
passed
mirror test
- Don't have self concept
(part of self recognition)
like humans
- Not all
passed
mirror test
- Self
recognition
common in
species that
helps others -
level of
consciousness
- Human ethical guidlines
should be extended to these
animals, protecting them
- Human ethical guidlines
should be extended to these
animals, protecting them
- Ability to recognise yourself
seen as intelligence
- Theory of mind
- Understanding others have
different mental states &
see the world differently
- Allows inferences about mental
states to be made
- Premack & Woodruff - Sarah the
chimp shown video of human solving
problem. Video stopped before
solution. Given two photos, one had
right answer. Consistently chose
correct answer.
- Understanding others have
different mental states &
see the world differently
- Machiavellian intelligence
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