894714
Descrição
Mapa Mental por joshua6729, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por joshua6729
mais de 10 anos atrás
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OCR Gateway GCSE - Biology B3
- DNA, proteins and mutations
- Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
- The code needed to produce a protein is carried from the DNA to the ribosomes by a molecule called mRNA
- The code needed to produce a protein is carried from the DNA to the ribosomes by a molecule called mRNA
- Proteins are: Made
up from long chains
of amino acids and
can be structural,
hormones, carrier
molecules or
enzymes
- Mutations can
lead to the
production of
many different
proteins. This is
because a
change in bases
in DNA can
change the
amino acid
sequence.
- Chromosomes
are long coiled
up molecules of
DNA, divided up
into regions
called genes
- Enzymes work
by a lock and
key mechanism
- Enzymes activity is affected
by pH and temperature. This
is due to: lower collision rates
at lower temperatures,
denaturing at extreme of pH
and high temperatures
- Proteins are coded
for by DNA: The
base sequence
codes for the order
of amino acids, each
amino acids is coded
for three bases
- Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
- Cell division and cell growth
- In meiosis, the
chromosome number is
halved and each cell is
genetically different
- There are a number of
differences between
plant growth and animal
growth
- Growth can be
measured by a
change in wet mass,
dry mass or length.
each method has
advantages and
disadvantages but
dry mass is the best
measure
- Gametes are produced
by meiosis
- New cells for
growth are
produced by mitosis
- The new cells made by mitosis are
genetically identical
- Being multicellular allows
organisms to: be larger, use
cell differentiation
- Undifferentiated cells called
steam cells can develop into
different cells, tissues and
organs
- In meiosis, the
chromosome number is
halved and each cell is
genetically different
- Respiration and circulation
- the symbol equation for aerobic respiration is:
- Red blood cells carry
oxygen around the body
and are especially
adapted for this function
- The heart has four chambers
and is part of a double
circulatory system
- Anaerobic respiration takes place during
hard exercise when there is insufficient
oxygen avaliable
- Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid,
which: Builds up muscles causing pain and
fatigue, acts as oxygen debt and has to be
broken down in the liver after exercise
- Arteries have thick elastic walls
and carry blood away from the
heart, Veins have large lumens
and valves, and carry blood back
to the heart
- the symbol equation for aerobic respiration is:
- Changing genes and cloning
- Gene therapy involves changing a
person's genes to try and cure
disorders
- Genetic engineering
can be used to produce
useful products but
raises some ethical
issues
- Gene therapy involves changing a
person's genes to try and cure
disorders
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