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938676
Public Health
Descrição
Edexcel iGCSE history
Sem etiquetas
public health
gcse history
history
cholera
history
changes in medicine 1845-1945
a-level
Mapa Mental por
Niamh MacElvogue
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Mais
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Criado por
Niamh MacElvogue
mais de 10 anos atrás
75
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Resumo de Recurso
Public Health
Edwin Chadwick
Government took action in 1839 and set up an enquiry
Appointed Chadwick, government official, in charge
2 year enquiry
Doctors sent to major towns and cities to question people and fill out questionnaires
1842 - published report that shocked British people
10,000 free copies to anyone who could help (politicians, journalists etc.)
20,000 copies sold to public to raise awareness
Conclusions
Improve drainage, water supply, streets and roads
Remove rubbish from houses
A healthier workforce could work harder
Bad ventilation is killing people
Miasma
Believed in miasma theory
Conclusions drawn were correct though
Government didn't take action
Laissez faire - Government's job to keep the law not to keep the people clean
Problems in 1850
Overcrowding (back-to-back housing) - disease spread quickly
Sewage water ran into rivers where people washed and drank from
No waste or rubbish disposal
Sat in the streets
Badly ventilated housing
Government's 'laissez faire' attitude
Cholera
Caused by contaminated food/water
1831 - killed 50,000 people
No knowledge of the way it spread or the cure
Return of Cholera 1848 led to the 1848 PUBLIC HEALTH ACT
What it did
Local councils given power to spend money clearing towns if they wanted
National Board of Health created
Power to set up local health boards in areas with high death rates
They have power to make sure new houses have drains/toilets
Charge local tax to pay for improvements
Appoint medical officers to 'inspect nuisances'
Limitations
No obligations
Only 103 towns set up boards of health by 1853
Didn't end cholera
1854, 20,000 more people died
Could use taxes for other things
Paid for by people who can least afford it
Improvements required constant funding which was often lacking (i.e. public toilets)
Only committed some towns to change
No money set aside to investigate causes
Rich people less inclined to set up/pay rates as it doesn't affect them
Changed very little due to voluntary nature
John Snow (1854)
Famous surgeon who worked in Soho
Decided to try and find cause of cholera
Observed Broad Street, where he worked
Found all victims of cholera got their water from a certain pump
He removed handle to prevent people from using it
No more deaths in the street
Street toilet had a cracked lining that was leaking sewage into the water source
Proved...
Cholera was not carried through the air (miasma)
Spread through contagion
Government
Maintained laissez faire approach
Public Health Acts
Working Class Vote (1867)
Politicians wanted improved public health to be a reason to vote for them
1874 Conservative win was mainly due to working class
1875 Public Health and Housing Acts
Sewers must be clean and rubbish cleared from streets
Councils have power to pull down substandard housing and build improved homes
1853 Compulsory smallpox vaccination
Every baby
Soon, deaths dramatically dropped
Boer War 1899-1902
40 out of 100 men who applied unfit to serve
Liberal Party (1906) decided to introduce free school meals
1907 - School clinics
1908 - Children and Young Person's Act
Made children 'protected persons' (i.e. neglect was illegal)
1909 - back to back housing banned
1911 - pensions for the elderly introduced
No workhouse
Post WWI reforms
1918 - local councils must provide health visitors, pregnancy clinics and day nurseries
1930 - Slum clearance programme
Improving children's lifestyle who lived there
1919 - local councils to build new houses for poorer families
Great Stink
A heat wave in 1858
Thames smelled worse than before
Stink reached parliament and so...
Government were affected for the first time
Change of attitude
Government wanted to implement health reforms to get poor's votes
Sewer system
1855 - Joseph Bazelgette designed a new sewer system for London
It would collect all of the waste from nearly 1 million London houses
Waste would be pushed by pumps towards the sea
Given £3m by government
Equivalent of £1bn today
Finished in 1866 and would remove 420 million gallons of water a day
New acts were introduced that forced people to comply from the Great Stink onwards
By 1940...
death rate had dropped
life expectancy had risen
government more interested in Public Health (political motivation)
The Beveridge Report
William Beveridge - liberal politician
Government commissioned to find out what people wanted Britain to be like after the war
5 things that Britain needed were concluded...
poverty
disease
ignorance
idleness
squalor
Proposed setting up a welfare state
social security
NHS
free education
council housing
full employment
Labour government tried to make this vision come true after the war
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