INDIA

Summation (pg 84-86)

5 major religions in India: Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam          Hinduism - traditional religion of india          Zoroastrianism - one of the oldest religions, originally from Persia          Buddhism          Christianity          Islam                   - followers arrived in the 8th century   - 8 to 10 cent. wars to establish Islamic state   - 10 to 15 cent. developed classical music                    - music had same characteristics as middle east with its improvisation and ornamentation and ABA format                   - 15th cent. division of style between northern Hindustani (Islamic influence) and southern Karnatic (more traditional and indigenous) with                      only different instruments to distinguish the two   4 major families of languages: Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, variety of Sino-Tibetan languages; plus English from when UK colonized it   Dravidians: first occupants of India, migrated from Africa, dark skinned Aryans: occupants from southern Russia who attacked and invaded Dravidians, imposing their culture        -- fusing principles and values, political, social, and cultural structures that resulted in a strict social caste system      

Hinduism (pg 86)

seeking ultimate truth by self realization gods : Brahman (The Creator), Vishnu (The Protector), and Shiva (The Destroyer) Concepts       Dharma: Division of Labor, role given by CREATOR,  a choice, merits of life affect your global place in world       Karma: related to cycle of life and death, actions in one life will reward or punish in the next life, fate improved through spiritual practice       Moksha: process of liberation from a negative cycle of reincarnation, separation from the fruit of the actions       Maya: principle that allows one to become aware of the unseen world, spirituality over materialism, do good   Caste System: Division of Labor, man-made, began w/ Aryans vs. Non-Aryans, merits of life affect your communal place in society       Brahmins : priests and thinkers       Kshatriyas : rulers and warriors       Vaishyas : Farmers (Aryans), artisans, merchants       Shudras : unskilled workersor laborers (Dalit : the untouchables)    -Was very rigid and strict, born into a class, died in that same class, only allowed to marry into families of the same class etc. 

Buddhism

Founder, Siddharta Gautama, abandoned all his wealth to seek a simple life. Continued resentment of theunbalanced social power led to development of new intellectual teachings and philosophies. can be seen as a resentment of India's Caste system.       freedom from desire set people free from the continuous cycle of life and death Siddharta Guatama        the founder, "The Enlightened One" or "The Awakened One"       taught his followers to stand against injustice of the caste system and wealth/poverty and seek the Middle Path                 "The Truths of the Noble Ones"                      (1) Dukkha : ultimately, nothing is satisfying                      (2) Origin of Dukkha : clinging to what is pleasurable and dislike what isn't, keeps you in the cycle of rebirth and disstisfaction                      (3) Cessation of Dukkha : putting an end to the craving, separates you from cycle of rebirth and dissatisfaction                      (4) Path to Liberation from Dukkha : follow the Noble Eightfold Path of behaving decently, cultivating discipline, and practicing mindfulness and meditation   BUDDHISM VOCAB Karma : "deed" ; concept that binds followers to an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. one's deeds in life determines conditions of one's rebirth Dharma : the ultimate law, consists of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path Lama : "superior One" , a buddhist monk of Tibet Maya : Queen Maya, Mother of Buddha Yasodhara : Wife of Buddha Zen :  Forms of Mahayana Buddhism in Japan. Chinese version called Ch'an

Culture Manifestation

Ramayana : Epic written by Valmiki               Preaches the highest Ideals of life       Sita, the wife, represents some qualities Indian women still value       There are several different endings to this epic, depending on what is to be taught and WHERE it is taught Mahabharata : Epic written by Vyasa            Preaches the practical aspects of life       These Sanskrit epic captured the best Hindu way of life and the ideals of the times. They remain as a source of ethics and ancient culture, woven into every aspect of Indian life. 

Ramayana

Comes from indian folk tale written in Sanskrit by Valmiki, to make it more accessible to everyone, Tulsida translated it into Hindi SYNOPSIS       Prince Rama marries Princess Sita, Sita gets kidnapped by demon King Ravenna of Sri Lanka. Price Rama and his brother go to the mighty Monkey God Hanuman to find out where she is. Fierce battles during the rescue. good beats evil. Rama discovers his divine incarnation of the great god Vishnu who came to save mankind from demonic forces. Rama and Sita return and and live happily with 2 children

Mahabharata

incorporate fundamental teaching that reveal truths about how people should lead their lives probes into moral, ethical principles through the characters Synopsis       struggle for soverignty between two cousin clans. 

Classical Music of India

After the 15th century, the mixture of islamic elements with those of hinduism resulted in the hybridazation of various north Indian musical cultures       created a split in musical styles of the northern tradition (Hindustani) and the southern tradition (Karnatic)              both have the same organizational principles but they have different Prevalent Instruments

Musical Instruments

HINDUSTANI Sitar       - Chordophone Lute       - 7 main strings above the dome-like bridges (no frets)             - four of the seven strings are or melody and the rest is for rhythmic pattern       - 12 sympathetic strings under the bridges, these vibrate to the frequency of the main strings       - plucked with finger covered with wire protection       -DOES NOT CROSS TO KARNATIC   Sarod       - Chordophone Lute       - 7 main strings on the neck of the instrument             - fourstrings used for melody and the rest used to accentuate rhythm       - 12 sympathetic strings located below the plate that covers the neck, vibrate to frequency of main strings       - neck of instrument is like cello's and is smooth, no frets Tambura       - 4 strings but only produces 2 pitches (Tonic and 5th notes of raga, tuned in octave       - groups don't often travel with tambura player, but finds someone to play locally       - Strings are played open, strings aren't held down       - CROSSES TO KARNATIC, they only differ in size Saranji       -  3 main melodic strings       - 37 sympathetic       - no frets       - very difficult to play Tabla       - a set of two membranophones             - small one is called Tabla is tuned to the raga, provides the pulse of the music             - large one called Baya is tuned to the musician's preferred sound timbre, accentuates rhythmic patterns with the control of sound       -DOES NOT CROSS OVERShenai       -double reed aerophone   KARNATIC Vina       - Chordophone Lute       - 7 main strings        - frets       - No sympathetic strings Violin       - Chordophone Fiddle       -same characteristics as western Violin       - Tuned and Held differently than western violin Nadaswaram       - Double reed aerophone       - Similar to northern Shenai but this is L  O  N  G  E  R and LOUDER Bansuri       -flute       - 6 holes in the front, 1 in the back (for thumb) Mridangam       - membranophone       - DOES NOT CROSS OVER Harmonium & Shruti Box       - Drone instruments       - Harmonium : capable of producing melodic formula that serve as ostinato accompaniment       - Shruti box lacks keyboard  play melody and purely produces predetermined pitches       - THEY CROSS OVER

structure (not in textbook)

LOOK UP ONLINE TOO BC IM NOT 100% SURE Possible Resource:  https://quizlet.com/12082323/indian-music-flash-cards/   Tala       - time cycle; rythmic sequence       - 4 talas predominate in common practice; most performed at fast medium or slow tempo except two that are performed fast Alapana       - only melodic and drone instruments in this section       - length determined by melodic instrument player       - exploration and meditation for the raga Tanam       - belongs to Alap section       - section that melodic instrument player is suggesting tempo to rhythmic instrument player before rhythmic player actually starts playing       - metered Raga       - Similar to a mode; has rules about how musicians can move between notes and ornament them       - unmetered Gat       - doesn't start until rhythmic instrument starts playing       - metered

HINDUSTANI INSTRUMENTS

KARNATIC INSTRUMENTS