Evidence of Ethnic Inequalities

Labour Market

Labour Market Survey (2004) - Ethnic Penalty, whites had the lowest unemployment rates at 5% compared to 14% for Black Afro Caribbean males, 13% for Bangladeshi males and 11% for Pakistani. Panorama Survey (2008) - Concrete Ceiling, Only 2% of police inspectors are BME Modood - 1/5 of economically active members of ethnic minority groups felt they were refused jobs for racial or religious reasons

Income and Wealth

Clark and Drinkwater - Pay Gap, men from ethnic minorities in managerial and professional jobs earn up to 25% less than their white colleagues Census (2011) - One in three Bangladeshis and Pakistanis in England and Wales were living in deprived neighbourhoods. In contrast only 1 in 12 White British people lived in similar circumstances Joseph Rowntree Foundation - all ethnic minorities continue to have lower earnings comparable to white groups with large earning differences experienced by Black African, Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups. 20% deficit

Social Mobility

Labour Market Trends (2000) - Ethnic minority men are over represented in the service sector - the distribution industry employs 70% of Bangladeshi men and 58% of Chinese men, 47% of Indian men were in managerial and professional occupations compared to 41% of whites. Horizontal and Vertical Segregation Platt - Those with higher occupational attainment in the first generation, Indians were able to maintain these achievements Sedghi - Black African and black Caribbean women have experienced a 15-20% fall in full time employment rates over the past decade, while white women have remained stable

Education

Coard - the 'Ethnocentric Curriculum' focuses on white British history, literature and culture and is therefore not relevant to ethnic minority pupils Lee Jasper - Afro- Caribbean boys are disadvantaged by institutional racism (teachers have low expectations of them) Department for Education (2012) (DfE) - Only 51 % of Pakistani pupils and 48% of black pupils achieved 5 A* to C compared to 58% of white and 72% of Indian pupils Mirza- Teachers label black girls as 'low ability'

Crime

Social Trends (2007) - Black people are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched Hood - Black men are more likely than white men to receive custodial sentences for offences which have fines or community services as punishments Alexander - Asian youths in east London were unfairly targeted by police and the media. The 'myth' of the Asian Gang was created whereby the media reported violent clashes between black and Asian gangs. Asian boys criminalised as a result of Islamophobia

Media

Hall - Ethnicity is viewed through the 'white eye' and in the past there were only 3 representations of blacks as natives, entertainers and slaves Moghissi - Muslims are 'huddled together' in the media and it ignores the range of differences between Muslim groups Said - The intense focus on Muslim and Islam in Western media characterised by stereotyping and hostility . It is also acceptable to denigrate Islam