What aspects are needed to declare a real true association?
Check for confounding or effect modification
Check for Bias
Check for statistical significance
What elements impact bias?
Source/type
Magnitude/strength
Direction
Those that wish to participate/volunteer may be different in some way to those that don't volunteer or self-select (refusal/non-response) to participate
Self-selection bias
Recall/reporting bias
contamination bias
expectation bias
Exposed/diseased patients may remember better or amplify/exaggerate their responses is an example of the
Blind interviews, training the staff alike, and conducting surveys electronically are all examples of ways to prevent
Early detection and treatment of a disease skews the results, this is called
A study on the relationship of running and average BMI is conducted. Participants are all on a volunteer basis. There is likely to be bias.
Blinding or masking and allocating observers or interviewers are examples of
All of the following are part of Hills guidelines except
Strength
Consistency
Temporality
Biologic gradient
Plausibility
Causality
Hard-and-fast rules of evidence can be generated by which we can judge the likelihood of causation.
Rheumatoid arthritis leading to physical inactivity is a association
Tuberculosis is an example of a disease that may or may not cause the development for disease in other people. This is an example of (a type of causal relationship)
Patients who smoke have an increased risk of developing lung cancer. Which of the following describes the smoking risk?
sufficient cause
component cause
necessary cause
Patients who have chronic back pain are more likely to remember days or incidences where their pain is more pronounced better than non-chronic pain patients. What is this an example of
Compliance bias
Diagnosis bias
Recall bias
What are the key principles of bioethics?
Autonomy
Beneficience
Justice
Non maleficence
Respect
Consent
