Pharmacodynamics involves the study of following EXCEPT:
Biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
Absorption and distribution of drugs
Mechanisms of drug action
Drug interactions
Pharmacodynamics involves the study of following?
Biotransformation of drugs in the organism
Distribution of drugs in the organism
Excretion of drug from the organism
Pharmacodynamics involves the following?
Information about main mechanisms of drug absorption
Information about unwanted effects
Information about biological barriers
Information about excretion of a drug from the organism
Pick out the answer which is the most appropriate to the term “receptor”
All types of ion channels modulated by a drug
Enzymes of oxidizing-reducing reactions activated by a drug
Active macromolecular components of a cell or an organism which a drug molecule has to combine with in order to elicit its specific effect
Carriers activated by a drug
What does “affinity” mean?
A measure of how tightly a drug binds to plasma proteins
A measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor
A measure of inhibiting potency of a drug
A measure of bioavailability of a drug
Target proteins which a drug molecule binds are:
Only receptors
Only ion channels
Only carriers
All answers are correct
An agonist is a substance that:
Interacts with the receptor without producing any effect
Interacts with the receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects
Increases concentration of another substance to produce effect
Interacts with plasma proteins and doesn’t produce any effect
If an agonist can produce maximal effects and has high efficacy it’s called:
Partial agonist
Antagonist
Agonist-antagonist
Full agonist
If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has moderate efficacy it’s called:
An antagonist is a substance that:
Binds to the receptors and initiates changes in cell function, producing maximal effect
Binds to the receptors and initiates changes in cell function, producing submaximal effect
Binds to the receptors without directly altering their functions
A competitive antagonist is a substance that:
Interacts with receptors and produces submaximal effect
Binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response
Binds to the nonspecific sites of tissue
Binds to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as an antagonist
The substance binding to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as an antagonist is called:
Competitive antagonist
Irreversible antagonist
Irreversible interaction of an antagonist with a receptor is due to:
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds
Mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are the following EXCEPT:
Transmembrane receptors that bind and stimulate a protein tyrosine kinase
Gene replacement by the introduction of a therapeutic gene to correct a genetic effect
Ligand-gated ion channels that can be induced to open or close by binding a ligand
Transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP-binding signal transducer protein (G-protein) which in turn generates an intracellular second messenger
Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor:
Adenylyl cyclase
Sodium ions
Phospholipase C
cAMP
Tick the substance which changes the activity of an effector element but doesn’t belong to second messengers:
cGMP
G–protein
Calcium ions
Give the definition for a therapeutical dose:
The amount of a substance to produce the minimal biological effect
The amount of a substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism
The amount of a substance to produce the required effect in most patients
The amount of a substance to accelerate an increase of concentration of medicine in an organism
Pick out the correct definition of a toxic dose:
The amount of substance to produce the minimal biological effect
The amount of substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism
The amount of substance to produce the necessary effect in most of patients
The amount of substance to fast creation of high concentration of medicine in an organism
Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly?
Refractoriness
Cumulative effect
Tolerance
Tachyphylaxis
What term is used to describe a decrease in responsiveness to a drug which develops in a few minutes?
Idiosyncratic reaction of a drug is:
A type of hypersensitivity reaction
A type of drug antagonism
Unpredictable, inherent, qualitatively abnormal reaction to a drug
Quantitatively exaggerated response
Characteristic unwanted reaction which isn’t related to a dose or to a pharmacodynamic property of a drug is called:
Idiosyncrasy
Hypersensitivity
Teratogenic action
If two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect that is equal in magnitude to the sum of the effects of the drugs given individually, it is called as:
Antagonism
Potentiation
Additive effect
None of the answers are correct
What phenomenon can occur in case of using a combination of drugs?
Accumulation
Synergism
What is the type of drug-to-drug interaction which is the result of interaction at receptor, cell, enzyme or organ level?
Pharmacodynamic interaction
Physical and chemical interaction
Pharmaceutical interaction
Pharmacokinetic interaction
What is the type of drug-to-drug interaction which is connected with processes of absorption, biotransformation, distribution and excretion?
The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called?
Sensibilization
Abstinence syndrome
Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of:
Drug dependence
Increased metabolic degradation
Depressed renal drug excretion
Activation of a drug after hepatic first-pass
Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators
Increased receptor sensitivity
Decreased metabolic degradation
Decreased renal tubular secretion
Tolerance develops because of:
Diminished absorption
Rapid excretion of a drug
Both answers are correct
No answer is correct
