PHSI3012 Midsem

A tumour of circulating blood cells

A benign tumour of glandular origin

An aggressive tumour of blood cell origin localised to the lymph nodes

A tumour of epithelial cell origin

Cyclin D expression is decreased in the absence of mitogen

C-myc activity is increased in the absence of mitogen

A decrease in E2-F transcription factor activity is stimulated in the absence of a mitogen

An increase in hypophosphorylated pRB is stimulated in the absence of a mitogen

It is an essential component of the apoptotic pathway

It repairs DNA damage

It has key roles in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and maintenance of genetic stability

It is essential for normal development

A cancer cell escapes its local environment by initially invading the basement membrane

An epithelial cell undergoes a process termed mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition during initial vessel invasion

Invasion of the lymph and blood vessels is an early step in tumour cell dissemination

Disseminated tumour cells can lie dormant for years before reinitiating a program of cell growth to colonise a distal site

Subcutaneous

Intraductal

Tail vein

Tibia

Is expressed by cancer cells enabling osteoblast differentiation

Is secreted by cancer cells acting directly on osteoclasts to induce osteolysis

Is secreted from bone matrix following osteolysis and along with other growth factors promotes further cancer cell growth

Is secreted by osteoblasts and induces osteoclast differentiation

Melanocytes – pigment

Langerhans cells – cornified layer

Keratinocytes – immune response

Fibroblasts – UV protection

Very low wavelengths, below 290nm, are absorbed by wet surfaces

Longer wavelengths like UVA penetrate less far into the skin than UVB

Vitamin D is produced by wavelengths in the UVB spectrum

UVB is mostly responsible for the warmth of the sun

Glivec binds to an important functional site in BCR

Glivec inhibits the retinoic acid receptor α hormone receptor

Glivec inhibits function of the ABL kinase

Glivec induces cellular differentiation to a terminally mature cell type

Angiotensin II induced vasodilation of the arterioles.

Conversion of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I by renin.

Angiotensin I conversion to Angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Renin release from the hypothalamus.

Activation of Ang II receptors causes an increase in blood pressure, while blockade of Ang II receptors has little effect.

Activation of Ang II receptors causes an increase in blood pressure, and blockade of Ang II receptors causes a fall in blood pressure.

Activation of Ang II receptors causes a fall in blood pressure, while blockade of Ang II receptors has little effect.

Activation of Ang II receptors causes a fall in blood pressure, and blockade of Ang II receptors causes a rise in blood pressure.

LDL carry triglycerides from peripheral tissues back to the liver.

Cholesterol transport is primarily mediated by LDL & VLDL.

Triglycerides are primarily transported from the gut and liver to peripheral tissues.

HDL removes cholesterol from the liver to counter the effects of LDL.