Lecture 11 Cancer

T/F: In order for a cell to transform to a cancer cell, there has to be gene alterations in cell growth and differentiation.

T/F: Tumor is a non-specific term for neoplasm.

Differentiate benign and malignant tumors:
1. size
2. invasiveness
3. metastasis
4. demarcation
5. growth rate
6. differentiation

Top 3 cancer for male and female.

Remission is when the patient has _________.

Key reasons for cell to become cancerous:

Oncogene (start/stop) the cancer. It develops in the ___ phase.

Tumor suppression genes turn (on/off) the cancerous cells.

Proliferation of cells is called _______

Change/ abnormality of form or development of cell shape is _________.

Conversion of a cell from one type to another is called _______.

Cells losing the morphological characteristics is called ___________.

The multistep process involving acquired genetic mutation is called

T/F: A single mutation may lead to cancer.

Three steps of tumor growth.

APC, DCC, and P53 are _______

Ras genes are usually

The ten hallmarks of cancer:
1. evading ________.
2. enabling _______.
3. Tumor-promoting ________.
4. Activating ______ and _____.
5. ______ instability.
6. inducing angiogenesis.
7. Resisting ________.
8. Deregulating cellular _______.
9. sustaining _______ signaling.
10. Avoiding _______ destruction.

Hereditary mutations are carried in the DNA of ________.

Example of hereditary mutation genes?

T/F: Since cancer is genetic, it is mostly inherited.

Proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become oncogene due to ______.

Name a tumor suppressor gene.

Name an apoptosis gene

Three ways p53 prevents cancer.

T/F: Cancer is never caused by virus.

Why do cancer patients lose weight easily?

What are the treatment options for cancer?

Biopsy determines if the tumor is _______ or ______.

In sentinel node biopsy, a radioactive dye is injected and the _________ is biopsied.

Grade I is ____% differentiated.
Grade II is ____% differentiated.
Grade III is ____% differentiated.
Grade IV is ____% differentiated.

The TNM system stands for:

T0 =
T1 =
T2 =
T3 =

N0 =
N1 =
N2 =

M0 =
M1 =
M2 =

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become oncogene due to _____ or _____.

_______ tells the cell to divide while _______ turns on the genes required for cell growth and proliferation.

T/F: Tumor suppressor genes can act on any phase of the oncogene expression, such as signaling pathways and transcription.

T/F: All cancer is genetic, hence all cancer is inheritable.

T/F: Hereditary mutations will be in ALL of the offspring's body cells.

T/F: Acquired mutation DOES NOT pass along to future copies.