Neurodegenerative diseases

Skull fractures

Side effects of drugs

Diabetes mellitus Type I

Kallmann Syndrome

is involved in triggering of reflexive saccades

inhibits unwanted reflexive saccades

is the source of a cortico-cerebellar projection modulating the vestibulo-ocular reflex

is rarely affected in neurodegenerative disorders

is intact when antisaccades are directed towards the target

are all GABAergic

receive primary afferent input from NGF responsive sensory neurons

process proprioceptive information

process exclusively thermal information from the periphery

are mostly projection neurons

also respond well to the chili pepper compound capsaicin

can sometimes also respond to noxious cold

respond to no other type of stimuli

almost always respond to noxious mechanical stimuli

are never polymodal

Group Ia spindle afferents

Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers

Large myelinated AB−fibers

Sympathetic efferent fibers

Merkel disk afferent fibers

controlled by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

dependent on omnipause neurons in the brainstem

visible at the patient’s bedside

investigated by antisaccade testing

dependent on Brodmann’s area 46

indicate dysfunction of the prepontine paramedian reticular formation

occur with lesions affecting the oculomotor nuclei

indicate dysfunction of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus

occur with lesions affecting Brodmann's area 46 in the prefrontal cortex

are a sign of frontal eye field dysfunction

May be reduced by centrally acting drugs

Depends on activity of premotor burst neurons in the brainstem reticular formation

Is reduced in neurodegenerative disorders affecting the brainstem reticular formation

Is normal in Parkinson’s disease

Is always accompanied by disorders of saccade accuracy

Unmyelinated C-fibers

γ−motor fibers

Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers

Large myelinated A-fibers

Sympathetic efferent fibers

Diseases affecting the cerebellar hemispheres

Disturbed vergence

Diseases affecting the cerebellar flocculus and/or dorsal vermis

Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Parkinson’s disease

Fixation

Saccades

Vergence

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Smooth pursuit

Nucleus raphe interpositus

Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi

Oculomotor nuclei

Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini

Prepontine paramedian reticular formation

Olfactory loss can be an early sign of Parkinson’s disease.

Olfactory loss is rarely seen in elderly people.

Olfactory loss is commonly associated with brain lesion after stroke.

Olfactory loss is not associated with Huntington’s disease.

Olfactory loss can be an early sign of measles.

bitter through caffeine

umami through glutamate

sour through vinegar

hot through capsaicin

sweet through sucrose

environmental pollution.

neurodegenerative diseases.

drug abuse.

sinunasal diseases.

head trauma.

is an endogenous mediator of inflammatory pain in growing individuals

can activate p75 to produce hyperalgesia

stimulates mast cell proliferation

activates the sortillin receptor

can kill adult sensory neurons

Controls the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Controls accuracy of saccades

Transforms a saccade velocity signal into a tonic signal for gaze holding in eccentric positions

Determines saccade velocity by integrating activity of neurons in oculomotor nuclei

Is involved in generating vergence eye movements