Class 11, Nov 7, Qualitative Research Designs

Ethnography, naturalistic inquiry, case studies, fieldwork, field studies, and participant observations are ________ research approaches

What are six major characteristics of Qualitative Research?
(CHINED)

Type of research that strives for testable and confirmable theories that explain phenomena, assumes that subject matter of social and human sciences differ from natural/physical sciences, seeks to understand human and social behavior from insiders perspective

The primary instrument used for data collection in qualitative research is _____

Steps to Designing Qualitative Research:

The possibility that the researcher will understand the setting thoroughly, precisely, and accurately

In this type of sampling, every unit is included in the sample.

In this sampling, units are included that maximize differences on specified characteristics

Sampling that selects units that are special or unusual

Sampling that selects units that are considered typical of the phenomenon to be studied

Sampling that selects a subgroup that is considered homogeneous in attitudes, experiences, etc.

Sampling that occurs when the initially selected subjects suggest the names of others who would be appropriate for the sample

Name five ways that the researcher could be a participant or non-participant.

The observer actively participates and becomes an insider in the event being observed so that he/she experiences events in the same was as the participants

A member of the group or is active in the context under study and focuses on the natural activity of the group without informing the group that it is under study.

Researchers may interact with subjects to establish rapport but do not become involved in the behaviors and activities of the group

Typically hidden from the group or may be simply in a public setting observing public behavior

The observer has an equal partnership in the research process between the researcher and participants

Causes an inaccurate picture of the group or interactions, i.e. the group knowing they are being observed.

When the researcher knows the participants are associated with certain characteristics and may expect certain behaviors

When the observer's personal attitudes and values affect the observation/interpretation of the observation

Most common method of recording data collected during observation, gives complete description of setting, people. reactions, etc

Method that gathers data on the subjects' opinions, beliefs, and feelings. Provides large volumes of in-depth data quickly, usually recorded and transcribed.

Method of data collection that is like a group interview, 6 to 12 people, brings in different perspectives, economical with time and money

Method of data collection that already exists, could include a range of written, physical, and visual materials.

What are some ethical considerations inherent to qualitative research.

Type of qualitative study that focuses on a single unit to produce an in-depth description that is rich and holistic

Type of qualitative study that focuses on the characteristics of materials and asks, "What meaning is reflected in these"? Applied to written or visual materials, including textbooks, blogs, speeches, etc.

Type of qualitative in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture or entire social group. Seeks to understand the relationship between culture and behavior

Type of qualitative research that's goal is to inductively build a theory about a practice or phenomenon using interviews and observation as the primary data collection tools.

Type of qualitative research that is oriented to the past rather than to the present and thus uses different data-collection methods. Has emphasis on interpretation and use of non-numeric data

Type of qualitative research that focuses on stories (spoken or written) told by individuals about their lives

Type of qualitative research designed to describe and interpret an experience by determining the meaning of the experience as perceived by the people who have participated in it

Study Page 10, Standards for Rigor for Research

Refers to whether the researcher's observations are believable

What are 5 methods for establishing credibility?

Agreement among competent others that the description, interpretation, and evaluation are right. "Panel of Experts"

The use of multiple sources of data, multiple observers, and/or multiple methods is referred to as

Use of different sources of data and different methods, to increase the likelihood that the phenomenon under study is being understood from various points of view

An evidence of credibility that refers to "accurately portraying the meaning attached by participants to what is being studied by the researcher, and the degree to which the participants viewpoints, thoughts, etc are accurately understood. I.e. Member Checks

Evidence of credibility that concerns the degree to which a theoretical explanation developed from the study fits the data and is defensible.

The researcher should use ______, a strategy in which the researcher does self reflection to recognize and report bias

This is the degree to which the findings of a qualitative study can be applied or generalized to other contexts or groups

To establish transferability, you should make sure that __________ and control for threats such as _____, ______, and _____ effects.

In this threat to transferability, the constructs being investigated are unique to a single group

In this threat to transferability, the results may be a function of the specific context under investigation

In this threat to transferability, the unique historical experiences of the participants may mitigate against comparisons

The extent to which variation can be tracked or explained, and the consistency of behaviors i.e would data be similar if the study was replicated

What are 6 ways to establish dependability?

Documents how the study was conducted, what was done, when, and why

In this strategy, two investigators divide the data, analyze it independently, compare results.

A strategy for assessing dependability in which the researcher codes the data, leaves the analysis for a period of time, and then comes back and recodes the data and compares

Deals with the idea of neutrality, the extent to which the research is free of bias in its procedures and interpretation of results

To demonstrate confirmability, the researcher could do these three things:

Analyzing qualitative data can be time consuming and difficult. Researchers should follow these three steps:

When you _____ the data, you make sure all notes are readable, keep a backup of original data, reduce the data by coding and sorting into categories