Case Study Fill-The-Blank

Typhoon Haiyan in in the Philippines, a category hurricane in . Winds of up to mph, with storm surges of up to m. people were killed and displaced as % of Tacloban City was destroyed. people total were affected, and lost their jobs, which led to in the city as well as shortages. sent shelter kits while a total of evacuation centres were set up, and NGOs and other countries sent . After the immediate responses, more were built and new houses were built . Foreign investors helped the people gain back their , and the government set to work on repairing the lost city, including its .

The Somerset Levels are in England and is an area of . was the wettest on record, and the area suffered as well as high tides and , which swept water up the rivers. This resulted in pounds in damage, with hectares of land and houses flooded, farms and livestock evacuated and villages, supplies and cut off. It also led to a huge amount of debris and , contaminated water. Cut off villagers used as transport and local communities gave support with the help of volunteers. Afterwards, the government launched a action plan to reduce the risk of flooding in the area: this included of river being dredged to , local roads being raised so that communications would remain intact during floods.

Rio General Facts. Rio is located in Brazil, on the coast by the . It's a city of great culture and diversity, with great centres and ports and airports. Because of this, Rio has seen a big increase in growth. This is because of migration, high rates, and foreign migrants attracted to the city's .

Rio Opportunites. Rio has a very population and has been deemed a site due to its cultural influence. It's also where the annual takes place, which draws in tourists and locals alike. It's home to a major port which exports a lot of Brazil's goods, such as , and ore, as well as a sector, and in turn provides % of Brazil's total employment.

Rio's Challenges. Rio's services are seeing a lack of funding; there is a big shortage of schools, meaning half of students drop out when they turn . Only % have access to a local clinic, meaning the life expectancy in Rio is only . Leaky pipes cause % of water to be lost - however now % of people have access to water. Electricity is a similar outlook; the poorest areas tap into the mains system illegally, which means occur frequently, but now the city has km of new power lines. The city also suffers from a lot of pollution: it's the most city in South America, and the resulting air pollution is estimated to cause deaths a year, covering the city and a brown . tonnes of sewage pour into Bay from the polluted rivers - however sewage works have been built since . access to favelas also makes waste a huge issue, as most of it is dumped nearby, encouraging .

Rio's Challenges 2. The poorest 50% in Rio only earn % of the city's total income, in comparison to the richest 1%, who earn %. As a result, people live in s - illegal settlements where people have built homes on land they don't own - and there are a total of in Rio alone. The houses are built and unorganised, and are often built on the , limiting access. % are built in suburbs, % in outskirts, and some are even being built from the city centre. Unemployment is , and infant mortality can be as high as . Therefore, crime is a major issue in these areas: murder, kidnapping and other violent crimes occur often, and dominated favelas through . To tackle it, in 2013 s were set up to take back control from gangs, and have cleared small favelas, though many say they have targeted ones nearest to the . Similarly, , the largest favela in Rio that looks over the famous Bay, has been improved so that % of houses have electricity and are built from brick.

Rio: the Project, 19. A scheme where local authorities provide and for residents to build more secure and sturdy homes. This scheme has been implemented in ,which has inhabitants. The scheme meant that the favela's roads were and officially named and the hillside was secured to prevent . They were provided with a water supply and a proper system, facilities for health, and education and a to maintain levels of crime in the area. The scheme also resulted in the installation of a to the nearby commercial centre, where each inhabitant was granted a return ticket every day. They were given full and access to so they could buy better for their homes. However, the scheme has come with many disadvantages: the newly built infrastructure was not after its construction, and the residents lack the and to repair and maintain them. This means the buildings fall into , and become . The scheme has not made any improvements to the rate in the area, and subsequently the level of remains unchanged. Worst of all, the improvements to the favela have meant that and has increased, making the poorest inhabitants even worse off and increasing the level of . There was also speculation about whether the budget would even cover every favela in Rio.

Bristol: importance and opportunities. Bristol have become a very important international city, as well as a major UK city. It's brimming with : its home to the , several theatres and music venues and - the animators of . The city is also home to a vibrant scene and nightlife, because of its population. The city also has great , with easy access to London and major European centres. The city is also home to universities, professional football teams and a team. and growing industry has increased international investment particularly in , and high-tech businesses. Immigrants coming to the city has provided it with a , workforce and has balanced its population. However, it has created pressures on and , which leads to inequality in development.

Bristol: Clean Environments. The amount of waste that is sent to landfill in Bristol has decreased over 10 years; from % in 2004/5 to just in 2013/14. Instead, energy recovery has increased by in 2013/14 and the amount of waste produced has decreased significantly too; from kg per capita/year to just kg. Their waste goes everywhere for recycling, from cardboard and paper to to aluminium and foil to - bear in mind that transporting it however increases their carbon footprint. Air pollution is a serious issue here too: about people die every year from air pollution, and this makes it the most city in England. But Bristol is doing a good job of reducing it, as theyve made it a area and reduced in the city, and have encouraged the use of cars, public transport and bicycles (heard of a bus?!).

Bristol: Social Inequality. Bristol suffers in areas from sever under development. Lets compare , an area in the inner city, to , a neighbourhood in the outer suburbs. suffers from crimes a year, which leads to % of its population feeling unsafe. A of young adults are unemployed, and the life expectancy is only years. however is home to many , and almost % of its population have a degree. It only has crimes a year ad a life expectancy of , as its unemployment rate is at %. These stark inequalities have led to , riots, and among the population of Bristol.

Bristol: Temple Quarter Regeneration. The area is home to 's first railway station and was an industrial area in the th century. But it had more recently become very , and therefore gave a bad impression to visitors as it is often the first place they see when they arrive. So now Bristol aims to completely regenerate it: the target is to create jobs by 20, and by 20. There will be m of new/refurbished buildings, creating offices, shops and residences. In addition, the Engine Shed is being developed into a £ Innovation Centre, which will be home to companies, and the Temple Mead station is being redeveloped into a modern transport hub; the rail line to London is also being , which will the journey and make Bristol better connected.

Banbury is on the of the River - a of the River Thames - in the Hills, with a population of . Banbury has been massively affected over the years because of flooding: in , flooding closed down the train station and caused £ pounds in damage, and in heavy rain caused the river to burst its banks. In however, Banbury completed their new £flood defence scheme. This implemented a km earth embankment to create a flood storage area, which can hold cubic metres of water. The main road has been to maintain communications during floods, and new now transfer water further downstream of town. The Action Plan has also created to intercept and absorb more of the rainfall, increasing and also being beneficial to wildlife. This scheme protects houses and commercial properties and overall, will bring the town over £ pounds of benefits

Swanage is an area with multiple coastal landforms. To the south, you have Bay, a headland where the waves have eroded the slowly over time. Swanage Bay is an area of clay and sand, and prevents the effects of through man-made groynes. Just north of Swanage is a called Point, which is made of more resistant , and just above that you have the Foreland and , where erosion has created isolated and white cliffs. North of this is Bay and , an area of soft clays and sands where have formed, and behind them an area of . At the north-most side of this area is a sheltered bay, where a has formed because of deposits of mud.

Medmerry, Chichester is an area of and low-value land, originally protected by a , which had recently fallen into disrepair. Building a new one would be and very expensive. So in , they devised a £ scheme which would let the sea breach the sea wall and flood some of the farmland. This in future with create a natural which will act as a from the sea and establish a valuable for wildlife, which will to the area. The scheme also helps to protect the surrounding farmland and caravan parks from flooding.