The central sulcus
goes from the top of the brain to the lateral fissure
separated the two hemispheres from one another
forms one border of the occupational cortex
is the seat of the primary auditory cortex
How is a cortical region that deals with more than low level perception called?
superior cortex
connected cortex
association cortex
interactive cortex
Which of the following is most clearly associated with primary visual function?
inter-hemispheric fissure
calcarine fissure
lateral fissure
central sulcus
the primary auditory cortex is not
a portion of the parietal lobe
located within the lateral fissure
located in the superior temporal cortex
organised based on sensitivity to sound frequency
The front of the brain is...
on the side of the occiput
where the brain is thinner rather than bulkier
on the same side as the cerebellum
none of the above
Evolutionary increase of the human brain's computational power was made possible by
neoteny, the ability of the human body to mature after birth
the cortex becoming folded this is increasing the surface area
neural selection and reduction of redundant connections between neutrons
all of the above
Which direction is towards the top of the brain?
ventral
dorsal
posterior
temporal
Looking at the brain from underneath, one can see:
the central sulcus
the corpus collosum
the calcarine fissure
The inter-hemispheric fissure
runs from the top to the side of the brain
runs along the top of the superior temporal cortex
separates the left and right hemisphere of the brain
the primary visual cortex is located
just behind the eyes, in the frontal cortex
posterior to the central sulcus
on the ventral surface of the brain
in the Broca's area to the left and right of the brain
neurons
are sensory cells whereas astrocytes are motor cells
are the only type of cell encountered in the brain
can communicate with one another through synapses
are only found in the cerebral cortex of the brain
the thalamus
acts as a pacemaker for the attention in the brain
is located under the hypothalamus
is not connected to the visual system
is a single nucleus in the brain
the hypothalamus is primarily involved in
visual perception
central hormone control
general body sensitivity
language comprehension
a synapse is where
action potentials jump from one neurone to another neurone
neurotransmitters from the presynaptic enter the post synaptic neurone
action based potential communication is relayed by chemical communication
neurones have their membranes fuse together to make a network
oligodendrocytes are
neurone with many axonal extensions
cells specialised in the immune response
proteins set in the membrane of neurones
cells insulating the axon of several neurones
all neurones have
a soma, dendrites and an axon
an axon, myelin sheaths, and neurotransmitters
a soma, dendrites and synapses
the resting potential is the difference of charge
between the inside and the outside of the neurone when it is firing
between the axon hillock and the presynaptic membrane
across the neurones membrane when a neurone has died
the action potential
is adaptable in size so that the neurone to communicate stimulus intensity
happens whenever the power of electrical stimulation received by the neurone
can be produced every millisecond to support frequency coding
can only happen when the neurone is at resting potential
neurones
are born a few weeks before we are born and normally stay alive all our life
can be up to a meter long in order to reach the sacrum of the spinal cord
are always covered in myelin sheaths to increase communication speed
are only found in the cerebral cortex and the internal nuclei of the brain
saltatory conduction
correct is not possible on the surface of neurones that have ranvier nodes
corresponds to the jumping of action potentials from one neurones to the next
is prevented by the insulating sheath of myelin covering neurones
allows action potentials to travel faster down the myelinated axon
images presented in the nasal field of view are
percieved by the dominant right visual cortex
half-percieved by the left visual cortex and half-percieved by the right visual cortex
processed mainly by the fovea
provide more detail but less motion information
the face inversion effect
is an argument in favour of non-specificity for face processing in the human brain
is the proof for the exsistence of a face module in the inferior temporal lobe
corresponds to a change in facial expression when a face if shown upside-down
pure prosopagnosia is a syndrome in which the patient
is unable to produce and comprehend language although vision is normal
has a selective incapacity to identify colours and shapes
is unable to recognise faces although object recognition can be close to normal
is unable to name faces but can still recognize photos of them
which of the following does not usually relate to visual function?
a lesion in the visual association cortex
Brocas asphasia
a lesion in the primary visual cortex
prosopagnosia
neurons in the visual association cortex
all have the ability to respond to stimulus lightess
cannot respond to contrast and motion at the same time
cannot respond to shape and motion simulateneously
can indivually respond to faces without responding to face parts
which of the following is part of the human eye
the lens
the pupillus
the retinalis
the filter
images received on the retina are inverted (left-right, up-down), and it is overall the same in the
the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
the visual association cortex
the primary visual cortex
the visual cortex is where
decisions regarding the response to visual information are made
visual information is selectively merged with olfactive information
the most basic aspects of visual information are processed
prosopagnosia is generally the consequence of a lesion in the
visual association cortex
superior temporal lobe
fronto-temporal regions
is unable to produce and comprehend language although vision normal
has a selective incapacity to identify colour and shapes
is unable to name faces but can still recognize them on photographs
which of the following does not usually relate to visual function
percieved by dominant right visual cortex
half-percieved to the left visual cortex and half-percieved by the right visual cortex
the philosophy, the earliest systematic interest in the mind-body problem in phliosophy began
an ancient greece
with Rene Descartes
with Thomas Hobbes
With BF Skinner
As regards the mind-brain problem, the materialist monist position holds that
there is only kind of object: the mind
there is only kind of object: the brain
there are two kinds of objects: the brain and the mind
there are three kinds of objects: the brain, the mind and the soul
as regards the mind-brain problem, the idealistic monist position holds that
there is only the kind of object: the brain
there is the only kind of object: the mind
there are two kinds of objects: the brain and mind
there are three kinds of objects: the mind, the brain, and the soul
as regards the mind-brain problems, which approach holds that hat there is only one kind of object, but that it appears quite different when viewed through different classes of sense organ
materialist monism
idealist monism
substance dualism
dual aspect monism
which of the following is NOT true of Rene Descartes
he emphasised the importance of the pineal gland for mind and brain interactions
he reported the important case of Phineas Gage
he is regarded as the key thinker for the position of dualism
he is well known for his phrase 'Cogito ergo sum' (i think therefore i am)
which behaviourist psychologist believed that mind was an epihenomenon, or an illusion, and thus that humans might be regarded as zombies or robots?
JB Watson
BF Skinner
Antonio Damasio
David Chalmers
lesions to which brain structures produce loss of conciousness and coma?
frontal lobe
hippocampus
upper brain stem
pituitary gland
if we could locate the brain systems that underpin consciousness we would have solved (following Charmers) the:
the hard problem of conciousness
the easy problem of conciousness
the problem of core conciousness
the problem of extended conciousness
which of the following disorders can be regarded as examples of loss of core consciousness?
expressive asphasia (after left frontal lesion)
episodic memory impariment (after bilateral temporal lesions)
dysexecutive disorder (after bilateral frontal lesion)
none of the above are examples of loss of core consciousness
which of the following is not true of the disorder encephalitis lethargica (von Economo disease)
it results from damage to dopamine producing cells
it occured just after world war I, as a flu-like illness
it resulted from a lesion to the hippocampus
it produces a disorder of loss of initiation and agency, but with intact conciousness
In philosophy, the earliest systematic interest in the mind-body problem in philosophy began
Ancient Greece
Rene Descartes
Thomas Hobbs
As regards with brain-mind problem, the materialist monist positions holds that
there is only one kind of object: the mind
there is only one kind of object: the brain
there are two types of objects: the brain and mind
there are three kinds of object: the brain, the mind and the soul
As regards to the brain-mind problem, the idealist monist postition holds that
there is two kinds of objects: the brain and the mind
that there are three types of objects: the brain, the mind and the soul
As regards for the brain-mind problem, which approach holds that there is only one kind of object, but that is appears quite different when viewed through different classes of sense organ?
materialistic monism
idealistic monism
which of the following is not true of Rene Descartes?
he emphasised the importance of the pineal gland for mind brain interaction
he reported the importance cause of phinease gage
he is well known for his phrase 'cogito ergo sum' (' i think therefore I am')
which behaviourist psychologist believed that mind was a epiphenomenon, or an illusion, and thus humans might be regarded zombies or robots?
JB watson
David Chambers
lesion to which brain structure produces loss of consciousness and coma?
frontal lobes
which of the following disorders can be regarded as examples of a loss of core consciousness
expressive aphasia (after a left frontal lesion)
episodic memory impairment (after bilateral temporal lesions)
if we could locate the brain systems that underpin conciousness we would have solved (following Chambers) the
the hard problem of the consciousness
the easy problem of the consciousness
the problem of the core consciousness
the problem of the extended consciousness
which of the following is not true of the disorder encephalitis lethargica (von economo disease)?
it results from damage to the dopamine producing cells
it occurred after just after WW1, as like a flu like illness
it resulted from lesions to the hippocampus
it produces a disorder of loss of initiation and agency, but with intact consciousness
which of the following is not true of the way that corvids (such as crows and ravens) hide objects when observed by other birds
they hide the object more quickly
they hide behind an intervening object
they distract the other bird by making loud noise
they wait until other bird has left before hiding
which is true of the 'rouge' or spot test
it is a measure of self-awareness
it involves the use of a mirror
is has been successfully passed by several non-human species
it is usually passed by children after they reach an age of six months
which behaviour has not been observed in cephalopod species (squad, octopus ect)
hiding in coconut shells, as examples of tool use
moving coconut shells, as examples of tool use
signing, using tenticles, as examples of language use
opening jars as examples of problem solving
which of the following is true to chimpanzee language?
Nim Chimpsky is a famous chimpanzee language learner
Noam Chimpsy is a famous chimpanzee language learner
all chimpanzee language acquisition is a result of simple stimulus-response learning
no chimpanzee has ever learned sign language
which of the following brain structures are best conserved across the last 500 million years of vertebrate solution
the brain stem
the frontal lobe
the hippocampus
which of brain structure is not associated with the experience of basic emotions
the frontal lobes
the hypothalamus
the anterior cingulate gyrus
which of the following is not true of the behaviour of mammals after parent infant seperation
soon after seperation (ie acutely), the infant makes distress vocalisation
after substantial time has passed seperation (ie chronically), the infant is passive and subdued
distress vocalisation can be decreased in the infant by contact comfort
distress vocalisation can be increased in the infant by administering opiates
in 1971, Jane Goodall described that a chimpanzee avoided retrieving a piece of fruit in front of the others, because she might have to share the fruit. Here Goodall was reporting an example of
theory of mind
mirror self awareness
tool use
problem solving
Thomas Nagels famous essay about bats and animal minds suggested that...
theres evidence
no current evidence
don’t know what it’s like as it’s impossible due to principle
Alex the parrot is not able to
name qualities
name colours and shapes
understand concepts such a larger and different
ask questions
the orbitalfrontal cortex
lies behind the central sulcus
inhibits socially inacceptable behaviour
is spared by prefrontal lobotomy
is another name for Brocas area
In a patient with bilateral destruction of the amygdala, which of these symptoms would be lease expected
the incapability to determine that pictures depicit concrete or abstract objects
low memorisation of emotionally negative events presented in a story
reduced bilateral activation of the amygdala while viewing the negative pictures
the same startle response while viewing neutral and unpleasant pictures
the limbic system is involved in
emotions and balancing
memory and language
language, balance and sleep
memory and emotions
change in behaviour
following brain injury can be exactly predicted from brain lesions
cannot modify the structure and/or function of the human brain
are more complex for association cortex lesions than primary sensory lesions
the result from physical alterations of brain tissue, not chemical changes
prefrontal lobotomy
is the best method to treat patients with abnormal social behaviour
refers to the injection of neuroleptics in the prefrontal cortex
was developed because neuroleptics had not yet been invented
corresponds to the cutting of the corpus collosum
which of the following has least to do with emotions
the amygdala
the basal ganglia
the sense of smell
the peri-aqueductal grey matter
patients with a lesion in the amygdala
tend to be hyper sensitive to sudden noises and are started by them
tend to only remember emotional details when they read a story
don't understand well the content of speech but are bothered by prosody
a member of an African tribe who had never had contact with our civilisation expressed emotions that are highly recognisable by european observers. This shows that...
people if Africa learnt to express emotion in the same way as Europeans
the African tribe in question in fact had unreported contacts with European civilisation
emotional expression has a genetic basis and is universal
labotomy in the 1950s
involved removing the majority of the frontal lobe from the patients brain leaving them only sound tissue
was used as a last resort to assist patients with severe and debiliating anxiety attacks
was inspired by the case of Phinease Gage who survived a terrible accident
involved anesthesia and several hours of operation for every patient
frontal patients
have more violent urges to do things and are often seen as unstoppable by their family
manifest from major memory losses and struggle to remember things that have happened to them
show little interest in others and themselves and struggle to initate actions
have severly dystfunctional language in both comprehension and production