Collections of axons that connect different parts of the cortex within the same hemisphere are called commissural pathways.
Choose the correct order of membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord, from most superficial to deep
arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater
dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Subdural hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhate Epidural hemorrhage( Subdural hemorrhage, Subarachnoid hemorrhate, Epidural hemorrhage ) occurs between the arachnoid and pial membranes, typically due to the rupture of an aneurysm
is the result of an obstruction the the flow of cerebral spinal fluid causing enlarged ventricles
The cortex is uniform throughout the surface of the brain.
The frontal lobe is responsible for: (select all that apply)
initiation of motor movement
higher order language functions
executive function
planning movement
processing auditory information
Each hemisphere of the brain processes sensory information from, and controls motor activity of
the ipsilateral side
the contralateral side
The following are perceived by the somatosensory system (select all that apply)
pain
vibration
smell
proprioception
taste
discriminitive touch
Pain is felt when are stimulated.
Meissner's corpuscles are receptors that are responsible for discriminative touch.
The spinal cord
is made up of 4 levels: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
Contains 25 nerves
is comprised of central white matter and peripheral gray matter
The spinal cord only relays all of the motor information from the brain to the body
❌ pathways in the spinal cord are ❌ neuron pathways. ❌ pathways are ❌ neuron pathways.
Which is true about the sensory pathways of the spinal cord
The dorsal columns are responsible for discriminative touch, vibration, and proprioception and the lateral spinothalamic tracts are responsible for pain and temperature.
The dorsal columns are responsible for discriminative touch, pain, and proprioception and the lateral spinothalamic tracts are responsible for vibration and touch.
The dorsal columns are responsible for pain and vibration, and the lateral spinothalamic tracts are responsible for discriminative touch, proprioception and temperature.
Conscious proprioception receptors are , , and
The dorsal column pathways is a two-neuron sensory pathway
In the dorsal columns, the fasciculus cuneatus is laterally located and the fasciculus gracilis is medially located.
When do the central processes of the fibers travel within the fasciculus cuneatus
T3 and above
S1 and above
C6 and above
T6 and above
An easy way to remember which pathway travels to the upper and lower extremities is: - Arm - Leg
A lesion of the dorsal columns causes ipsilateral contralateral( ipsilateral, contralateral ) deficits in discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception.
A lesion involving the ascending sensory information after it has crossed in the brainstem will result in ipsilateral deficits to discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception
Abnormal sensory perception , such as numbness or tingling, is referred to as .
Sharp, localized pain is conveyed by
unmyelinated C fibers
Lightly myelinated A-delta fibers
A lesion of the lateral spinothalamic tract will results in deficits in pain and temperature sensation on the ipsilateral contralateral( ipsilateral, contralateral ) side of the body below the level of the lesion.
The thalamus is the sensory relay station for virtually all incoming sensory input heading to the cortex
A map of the body along the surface of both the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex is called a .
On the homunculus, the largest areas (the areas of highest sensory acuity) are:
the lips
the face
the fingertips
the toes
the hands
The function of the eye is to focus photons onto the retina
The fovea macula retina pupil( fovea, macula, retina, pupil ) is the area of highest visual acuity.
As ambiet light increases, the pupils
increase in circumference
decrease in circumference
undergo no change in circumference
When looking at objects off in the distance, the lens
widens
narrows
stays the same
Rods are sensitive to both light and color.
after light hits the photoreceptors of the retina, the information is sent to .
Which three interneurons lie between the photoreceptors and the retinal ganglion cells?
horizontal
bipolar
psudounipolar
amacrine
What is the function or horizontal and amacrine cells?
to receive information from the photo receptors and transmit the information onto retinal ganglion cells
to sharpen or focus the connections between the photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and retinal ganglion cells
to project the information to a number of nuclei in the brain
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?
the nucleus that projects axons to the occipital cortex
the nucleus that relays information to the primary visual cortex
the specific nucleus in the thalamus that receives information from the retinal ganglion cells
The ❌ receives visual input from the right visual field, and the ❌ receives visual input from the left visual field.
A lesion involving the LGN or occipital cortex on the right will result in
loss of vision in the left eye
loss of vision in the left visual field of both eyes
loss of vision in the right eye
loss of vision in the right visual field of both eyes
The retinal ganglion cells in the fovea send information about contour, contrast, edges, form, and color
Rods, or the retinal ganglion cells in the periphery of the retina, send information about light only.
A lesion involving the optic nerve results in loss of vision of .
What is visual agnosia?
lack of insight
inability to form normal visual percepts
Asterognosia Prosopagnosia Anosognosia( Asterognosia, Prosopagnosia, Anosognosia ) is the inability to identify faces as a result of a lesion in the temporal lobe.
