Location of sensory receptors

The bone ______ hits the _____ window and the ______ window moves in the opposite direction, caused by fluid in the cochlea.

__________ gets stretched in the fluid and is ready to displace the _______.

The crescent shaped stereocilia belong to the _________ while the straight stereocilia belong to________.

What is the organ that encodes sound and transmits it to the brain?

The (base/apex) of basilar membrane is tuned for higher frequencies while the (base/apex) is tuned for lower ones.

_________ is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves _________, translating into ______ force on the _______ membrane and bending of the ______.

Longer hair cells are called ______.
Shorter hair cells are called ______.

_______ is lost after birth in mammals.

Hyperpolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing. Therefore no activation is required.

Depolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing, resulting in a _______.

The mapping of sound is called ______.

The auditory nerve synapse in the ________ before entering the cortex. The 2 deg neuron terminates in the _____ area of the cortex.

In the primary auditory cortex, the (anterior/posterior) region corresponds to apex of cochlea, while the (anterior/ posterior) region corresponds to the base of cochlea.

The key component of sound localization is the difference in _______ of the sound wave between the __________.

The neurons of using time difference to distinguish location of sound are called _________.
Specifically, the time difference itself is called ___________.

Steps in coincidence detection:
1. phase-locked firing in ______ cells
2. ITD is established because the side (closer/further) to the source has more time to travel
3. specific __________ neuron is activated based on input from both sides.
4. time difference is coded.

Where are the coincidence detection neurons located?

The coincidence detection neurons only fire when ___________.

The semicircular canals detect the _______ head motion while the ________ detect linear head motion.
_______ and _______ together detect static tilt, with _____ oriented for vertical movements and ______ for horizontal movements.

After birth, kinocilia only persist in the ____________.

When stereocilia drift towards kinocilia, (depolarization/hyperpolrization) happens, and vice versa.

Name the layers of substances in the macula from top down

Function of otoconia?

T/F: high viscosity otolithic membrane is good at detecting static tilt because it comes to rest very fast.

looser tilter
thick accelerate.

Backward head tilt can produce similar otholitic movement as ___________.

T/F: at rest, the vestibular nerves are not firing.

T/F: hair cell in the canals only detect acceleration/ deceleration, but not constant velocity.

The vestibular nerves enters the medulla after passing through the _____ ganglion.
It then go to _______ nucleus and the ______ nucleus.

When you turn your head to your R, the firing rate of (L/R) scarpa's ganglion increases.

The second- degree (excitatory/inhibitory) neurons decussate at the medulla and synapses at contralateral abducens nucleus.

Another decussation happens at the _________ through which the 3rd degree neurons enter the oculomotor nucleus.

abducens excitatory decussate (once/twice)

oculomotor excitatory neuron decussate (once/twice).

During postural sway, smaller angles are controlled by _________ while larger angles are controlled by ________.

The cat with transectioned spine demonstrates that ___________.