Compendium 4

Functions of the respiratory system:

Respiration -
• ❌ – Movement of air in and out of lungs
• ❌ - Gas exchange between lungs blood
• ❌ - of respiratory gases
• ❌ – Gas exchange between blood tissues

Respiratory diagram:

1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌
7. ❌
8. ❌
9. ❌

Nasal cavity:
• From ❌ (nares) to ❌
• ❌ - entry to nasal cavity
Stratified squamous epithelium, sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles
• ❌ – floor of nasal cavity
• ❌ – separates nasal cavity into left and right parts, cartilage and bone
• ❌ – bony “ridges” in nasal cavity

Tonsil diagram:
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌

Lung diagram:

1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌
7. ❌
8. ❌
9. ❌
10. ❌
11. ❌
12. ❌

Alveoli diagram:

1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌

Classify the structures below into whether fall within the ‘conducting zone’ or ‘respiratory zone’?

❌: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary
bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole,
❌: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli

Gas transport mechanism:

❌
• Transported via:
• Red blood cells (haemoglobin) (98.5%)
• Dissolved in blood plasma (1.5%)

❌
• Transported as:
• HCO3
- dissolved in plasma (70%)
• CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%)
• Bound to haemoglobin (23%)

Respiratory Membrane diagram:

1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. Basement ❌
6. ❌
7. ❌
8. ❌
9. ❌

Pulmonary ventilation:

❌
• LUNGS: ❌
• DIAPHRAGM: ❌
• RIB CAGE: elevated
• STERNUM: elevated
• INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: ❌

Expiration:
• LUNGS: ❌
• DIAPHRAGM: ❌ as it relaxes into its dome-shape
• RIB CAGE: depresses
• STERNUM: depresses
• INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: ❌

Airflow in and out of alveoli:

• ❌ – atmospheric air pressure outside the body
• ❌ – pressure inside the alveoli

Pulmonary volumes:

• ❌ – the amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

• ❌ – the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume

• ❌ – the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume

• ❌ – the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration

Pulmonary capacities:

• ❌ – the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)

• ❌ – the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)

• ❌ – the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume)

• ❌ – inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume +residual volume

• ❌ – number of breaths taken per minute

• ❌ – total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute (tidal volume X respiratory rate) (E.g. 500 ml X 12 breaths per minute = 6000 ml per minute)

• ❌ – space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

• ❌ - volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

Parameters measured of dynamic lung function test:

• ❌ – maximal volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in

• Forced ❌ – the volume of air expired in the first second of the test

• Forced ❌ – FEV1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC