This structure prevents food from entering the airway
vestibular folds
uvula
laryngopharynx
epiglottis
Surfactant decreases the _________________ in the alveoli
surface tension
pressure
compliance
volume
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration is termed the __________________.
vital capacity
expiratory reserve volum
inspiratory reserve volume
inspiratory capacity
Which of the following statements is FALSE in regard to inspiration?
the rib cage is elevated
the diaphragm is relaxed
volume in the thoracic cavity has increased
intrapulmonary pressure has decreased
Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?
surfactant
intrapulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
The chloride shift refers to _______________________.
chloride ions binding to hemoglobin
chloride ions moving into our out of the red blood cells
chloride ions combining with bicarbonate ions
chloride ions being released from hemoglobin
When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe because of __________.
a decrease in N2
a decrease in 02
a increase in C02
an increase in PH
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported _____________
bound to hemoglobin
dissolved in the plasma
as bicarbonate ions
as carbonic acid
which is not one of the 3 main factors that influence external respiration
partial pressure gradients
ventilation perfusion coupling
temperature of the respiratory membrane
gas solubilities
Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed or destroyed by __________.
mucus
vibrissae
conchae
all of the above
People who have their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring are having their _________removed
nasal septum
choanae
pharyngeal tonsils
Loss of lung elasticity and destruction of alveolar walls is termed:
asthma
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
dyspnea
___________________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration.
oxygen
nitrogen
water
carbon dioxide
_______________ is produced by the ___________ in response to low blood oxygen levels
growth hormone; pituitary gland
hematopoietin; bone marrow
erthropoeietin; kidneys
hematopoietin; lungs
Why is it possible to deliver more oxygen to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output?
it isn't a small decrese in p02 has very little effect on hemoglobin uploading
Because once one molecule of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly.
Because between a pO2 of zero and a pO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of uploading will occur with even small changes in pO2.
Because carbon dioxide released from the vigorously working cells enhances oxygen binding to hemoglobin
Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient
CO2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells.
CO2 binds to O2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously.
CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2
CO2 is actively transported into the alveoli.
During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely ______________. Taking epinephrine cause them to _____________.
constricted; dilated
dilated; constrict
mucus-filled; empty of mucus
both a and c
The majority of absorption occurs in the _____________.
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
mouth
The majority of _______________ occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
ingestion
chemical digestion
mechanical digestion
absorption
In terms of gastrointestinal function, the large intestine’s greatest contribution is:
exposing the chyme to the rich assortment of pancreas
Absorption of all primary nutrients
absorption of water.
Regulation of gastric motility.
Cirrhosis of the liver would most severely impact digestion of _____________.
carbohydrates
amino acids
proteins
lipids
_____________ stimulates the gallbladder to contract
secretin
CCK
gastrin
fatty chyme
Why is the small intestine well adapted for nutrient absorption?
acid secretions from the stomach are neutralized in the duodenum
cck is released from the duodenum to promote liver and pancreatic secretion
large surface area due to the presence of plicae circulares, villi and microvilli
the small intestine is very long and thin
Which is true of intestinal juice?
2-4 liters are produced daily
pH range is 7.4 to 7.8
it is hypotonic to blood plasma
it is composed mostly of bicarbonate ions
The __________________ cells are responsible for HCl production
goblet
mucous
parietal
chief
Meals high in protein ___________________ gastrin secretion from the gastric glands.
increase
decrease
have no effect upon
delay
When your stomach growls in response to an ad on TV for food, the ___________ phase of gastric secretion is initiated
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
Which of the following types of epithelial tissues is most predominant throughout the digestive tract?
simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
Digestion of which of the following might be inhibited if a patient chronically consumes an antacid?
lipid
carbohydrate
sugar
protein
A patient with a low RBC count receives vitamin b12 injections every two weeks. Why?
this patient is training for a triathalon
this patient is anemic and has low iron
parietal cells in this patient's stomach have ceased producing intrinsic factor
this patient's parietal cells have stopped secreting hcl
Choose the answer that lists the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the appropriate order from innermost to outermost
mucosa, submucosa, musularitis externa, serosa
submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
serosa mucosa muscularis externa, submucosa
muscularis externa, submucosa serosa mucosa
amylase allows us to digest
fats
Which of the following is NOT an enzyme produced by the pancreas?
amylase
lipase
nuclease
glucogonase
The gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen are the _________________.
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
What is a good source of unsaturated fats?
nuts
meats
margarine
dairy
It is possible for vegetarians to obtain complete proteins by combining ___________ and __________________.
bread; vitamins
fats; pasta
legumes; cereal grains
milk; sugar
The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as _____________.
Sources of ATP
active sites
substrates
coenzymes
The basal metabolic rate can most effectively be defined as the _____________.
lowest point of energy used by the body
amount of energy needed to maintain life
maximal energy used by the body
energy required to digest a meal
Which of the following structure is responsible for feeding behavior?
pituitary
medulla
pons
hypothalamus
What is the primary objective during the post absorptive state?
To collect and remove glucose from the blood and deposit it in cells
to convert fat to protein
to maintain blood glucose at around 70-110 mg/100 ml blood
to elevate blood glucose to the highest possible level to ensure adequate delivery to the brain
A negative nitrogen balance would be present in which situation?
pregnancy
growth
starvation
the nutrient used almost exclusively for ATP production is
fatty acids
fructose
glucose
in general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of
metabolism; cellular respiration
anabolism, catabolism
cellular respiration; metabolism
catabolism anabolism
the liver produces about _________ of blood cholesterol
15%
20%
80%
85%
which of the following is an essential fatty acid
triglyceride
linoleic acid
c. leucine
tyrosine
What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs?
oxygen catalyzes the breaking of bonds in the glucose molecules
Oxygen catalyzes the synthesis of ATP
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules
Oxygen drives energy dependent processes in our cell.
Which of the following is a lipid that is NOT used for energy?
fatty acid
cholesterol
saturated fat
Which vitamin in extreme excess causes liver damage?
biotin
niacin
ascorbic acid
tocopherol
This mineral is widely distributed in our plasma and tissue fluid (extracellular fluid).
iron
calcium
sodium
potassium
This mineral is the most abundant mineral in the human body
