Increases shelf life and safety of product and Improves digestibility, nutritional content

Increases putrification and safety of product and speeds up disease process, nutritional content

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biological Oxydation Determination

Determines the levels of biological degradable organic material present in water

Determine the levels of biological mercury not organic material present in water

Microbial digestion of organic material and hydrolysis

Microbial digestion of organic material and Haemolysis

• Retrovirus
• Reverse transcriptase generates DS-DNA
• Integrated into host chromosome
• Gene replacement therapy
• Deliver and express gene

• Rhinovirus
• Quickly transcriptase generates DS-DNA
• Non-conforming into host chromosome
• Prevention of Gene replacement therapy
• Deliver and express gene

An abnormal decrease of RBC

An abnormal increase of RBC

An abnormal increase of WBC

An abnormal decrease of WBC

The production of the formed elements of blood - WBC’s, RBC’s and platelets

The breakdown of the formed elements of blood - WBC’s, RBC’s and platelets

The process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes).

The process which produces white blood cells (leukocytes).

Neutropaenia

Neutrophilia

small granules in cytoplasm

large granules in cytoplasm

large strongly staining (orange/red) cytoplasm granules

small strongly staining (blue/purple) cytoplasm granules

large cytoplasmic granules (dark staining)

small cytoplasmic granules (orange staining)

large round nucleus/less cytoplasm

no nucleus/lots of cytoplasm

kidney shaped nucleus

liver shaped nucleus

Anisocytosis

Poikilocytosis

– Oval shaped rather than thin or round
– Less pronounced defects
– Found in some types of anaemia

– Thin elongated cigar shaped cells
– Change to membrane structure
– Found in various types of anaemia

– Oval shaped rather than thin or round
– Less pronounced defects
– Found in some types of anaemia

– Thin elongated cigar shaped cells
– Change to membrane structure
– Found in various types of anaemia

– Loss of biconcave shape
– Increased surface area:volume ratio

– Loss of biconcave shape - sphere
– Decreased surface area:volume ratio
– Found in many anaemias

– Loss of biconcave shape - sphere
– Decreased surface area:volume ratio
– Found in many anaemias

– Loss of biconcave shape
– Increased surface area:volume ratio

– Irregularly contracted fragments
– Variable appearance
– Found in conditions with trauma to RBC’s e.g. burns

– Elongated, crescent shaped
– Sickle cell anaemia
– Abnormal haemoglobin (HbS)

– Elongated, crescent shaped
– Sickle cell anaemia
– Abnormal haemoglobin (HbS)

– Irregularly contracted fragments
– Variable appearance
– Found in conditions with trauma to RBC’s e.g. burns

– Multiple irregular thorny projections
– Changes in phospholipid metabolism
– Found in liver disease

– Teardrop shape
– Stretched out of shape - excessive time (spleen)
– Found in many conditions

– Teardrop shape
– Stretched out of shape - excessive time (spleen)
– Found in many conditions

– Multiple irregular thorny projections
– Changes in phospholipid metabolism
– Found in liver disease

- Oval or rectangular area of central pallor
– “Cup” - shaped
– Found in liver disease

– Short, evenly spaced pointed projections
– Acute blood loss, burns, uraemia - kidney failure

– Short, evenly spaced pointed projections
– Acute blood loss, burns, uraemia - kidney failure

– Oval or rectangular area of central pallor
– “Cup” - shaped
– Found in liver disease

Abnormal coloured RBC's (blue, orange) which may indicate increased number of immature RBC’s

Abnormal pale RBC's which may indicate decreased number of immature RBC’s

Primary role is the prevention of blood loss

Primary role is the encouragement of blood loss

Decreased platelet count

Increased platelet count

Lymphocytosis

Lymphopaenia

Manual or automated

Direct or indirect

All blood cells. The chamber can also be used to count bacterial cells in suspension and WBC’s in CSF

All blood cells aside from platelets. The chamber can also be used to count bacterial cells in suspension and WBC’s in CSF

The Diff

Relative count

Absolute Number count indicates the exact number of cells per RBC/WBC which may differ from other relative levels of different cells.

Due to possible computer malfunctions, it is possible to have an incorrect relative number statement of sample.

An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake.

An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body's digestive system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake.

Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease.

Passive immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease.
Active immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

Major histocompatibility complex

Major histopathology complex

The function of MHC molecules is to bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells.

The function of MHC molecules is to bind T cell fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells.

Adaptive immunity

Innate immunity

.....proliferate into Memory B cells and plasma cells

..... do not proliferate into Memory B cells and plasma cells

Antigen Presenting Cell

Antibiotic Presenting Cell