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Control of Mental Processes

Questão 1 de 56

1

According to Norman and Shallice Schema Control Units,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Are linked by excitatory connections

  • Represent competing responses

  • Are used for executive functions

  • Represent units in the primary visual cortex

Explicação

Questão 2 de 56

1

The "Cartesian Theatre" was a term coined by Daniel Dennet to criticise the explanation of,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Self-motivation in goal directed behaviour

  • Consciousness in psychology of vision

  • Free-will in religion

  • Social responsibility in Social Psychology

Explicação

Questão 3 de 56

1

In Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) the homunculus can be seen as directly responsible for,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Attention

  • Binding

  • Task Shifting

  • Forgetting

Explicação

Questão 4 de 56

1

According to libertarian accounts, the fact that a person often makes choices proves,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • nothing about whether a person has free-will

  • the physical motivations do not control the will

  • that the person has no physical motivations

  • that the person has free-will

Explicação

Questão 5 de 56

1

A person who has little planning ability is likely to,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • start late

  • finish late

  • get up late

  • go to bed late

Explicação

Questão 6 de 56

1

In Shiffrin & Schneider (1977)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • rehearsal is used for consolidation of long-term memory

  • controlled processes are effortful

  • sensory memory precedes short-term memory

  • controlled processes follow consistent practice

Explicação

Questão 7 de 56

1

An automatic process is generally understood to be,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • conscious

  • inconsistent

  • rapid

  • reflexive

Explicação

Questão 8 de 56

1

According to neurocognitive models depicting the dorsal and the ventral streams, the latter

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • underlies automatic visuomotor performance

  • underlies controlled visuomotor performance

  • has further projections onto the prefrontal cortex

  • has further projections onto the limbic system

Explicação

Questão 9 de 56

1

In visual search tasks, a steep slope relating Reaction Times and distractor set size would be expected when searching for

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • an E among Fs

  • a blue letter among red ones

  • an O among Xs

  • A small letter among big ones

Explicação

Questão 10 de 56

1

Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Erikson & Donchin (1988), demonstrated that irrelevant and never executed responses can activate up the,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • primary visual area

  • temporal cortex

  • primary motor cortex

  • prefrontal cortex

Explicação

Questão 11 de 56

1

Contention Scheduling is, for Norman and Shallice (1986)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • a mechanism to resolve competition

  • a mechanism to exert goal-directed control

  • a property of the perceptual system

  • a property of the supervisory attentional system

Explicação

Questão 12 de 56

1

Automatic Processes are important to,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • prevent errors

  • plan actions

  • improve speed

  • deal with difficulties

Explicação

Questão 13 de 56

1

A person who has difficulties getting washed and dressed in the morning, despite being able to do so when prompted, is likely to present a problem with

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • set shifting

  • inhibition

  • action initiation

  • self-evaluation

Explicação

Questão 14 de 56

1

Descartes agreed with Plato on the understanding that the mind (or soul),

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • lives in the world of ideas

  • influenced by the body

  • is not limited by the body

  • was located in the Pineal Gland

Explicação

Questão 15 de 56

1

A person spends hours playing games on the mobile phone. Which of the executive functions is the least likely to be affected?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • inhibition

  • set-shifting

  • action initiation

  • self-evaluation

Explicação

Questão 16 de 56

1

Which syndrome is unlikely to display anosognosia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • schizophrenia

  • alzheimer

  • OCD

  • Huntington

Explicação

Questão 17 de 56

1

What would be a good test of Action Initiation

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Verbal Fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Task Switching

  • Go, No-Go

Explicação

Questão 18 de 56

1

Action Initiation is mostly mediated by,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Orbitofrontal Cortex

  • Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

  • Basal Ganglia

  • Motor Cortex

Explicação

Questão 19 de 56

1

Dopamine is mainly involved in,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • mood

  • reward

  • memory

  • perception

Explicação

Questão 20 de 56

1

Bradyphrenia is the term referring to a common condition following neurological damage where the patient demonstrates

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • inability to stop an action once initiated

  • inability to stop tics or repetitive movements

  • slow reactions to stimuli

  • slow generation of thoughts

Explicação

Questão 21 de 56

1

A person who tends to tell the end of the joke before the introduction is likely to have problems with

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • action initiation

  • goal activation

  • inhibition

  • set-shifting

Explicação

Questão 22 de 56

1

For Besner, Stolz, and Boutilier (1997), the Stroop effect was eliminated by,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Increasing the amount of practice

  • reducing the size of the target letter

  • colouring only one letter in the word

  • chaining the position of the letters

Explicação

Questão 23 de 56

1

Haynes, Sakai, Rees, Gilbert, Frith, & Passingham (2007) found specific activation of different task goals before they were even executed in which area of the prefrontal cortex?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Orbitofrontal

  • Inferiofrontal

  • Medial

  • Lateral

Explicação

Questão 24 de 56

1

How would you measure of a patient has problems with goal activation

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Verbal fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test

  • Go, No-Go

Explicação

Questão 25 de 56

1

Hampshire, MacDonald & Owen (2013) found that retired American Football players showed under-activiaion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following which test?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Verbal Fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test

  • Go, No-Go

Explicação

Questão 26 de 56

1

Damage to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to induce,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • echolia

  • hyperflexia

  • low self-care

  • anxiety

Explicação

Questão 27 de 56

1

In the stop-signal paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • before the target

  • after the target

  • at the same time as the target

  • in these tasks there is no target

Explicação

Questão 28 de 56

1

A person with goal activation problems will also demonstrate difficulties with,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • inhibition

  • self-regulation

  • impulse control

  • action initiation

Explicação

Questão 29 de 56

1

Aharoni et al (2013) could predict the chance of future rearrests for non-violent crimes by studying the activity of a particular brain area in the go no-go task. Which area are we referring to?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

  • Orbitofrontal Cortex

  • Medial Prefrontal Cortex

  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Explicação

Questão 30 de 56

1

In Monchi et al's (2001) study, the authors tried to dissociate a number of processes using fMRI and the WCST. Which condition was used to measure set shifting?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Negative Feedback

  • Matching after negative feedback

  • Positive Feedback

  • Matching after positive feedback

Explicação

Questão 31 de 56

1

In the alternating runs paradigm (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), the estimation of switch costs (switch minus repeat) does not measure differences in,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • task set configuration

  • goal activation

  • rule maintenance

  • rule activation

Explicação

Questão 32 de 56

1

In the Go-No Go task, the strongest response inhibition should be seen when participants successfully withhold responses in which condition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 20% Go, 80% No-Go

  • 50% Go, 50% No-Go

  • 80% Go, 20% No-Go

  • 20% Go, 20% No-Go

Explicação

Questão 33 de 56

1

The error related negativity component (ERN/Me) peaks approximately at 100ms,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • after incorrect response activation

  • after target onset

  • before incorrect response activation

  • before the target onset

Explicação

Questão 34 de 56

1

To which ability to we refer when evaluating and self-monitoring?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • inhibit responses

  • inhibit impulses

  • detect when an error has been made

  • detect when the context is inappropriate

Explicação

Questão 35 de 56

1

Awareness of an error can be measured by which ERP component?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • P300

  • Ne

  • Pe

  • P200

Explicação

Questão 36 de 56

1

During perseverations, participants are often,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • not aware of the change in the rule

  • aware of the new rule that needs to be applied, but not able to switch

  • aware that they made a mistake, but unable to retrieve the new rule

  • not aware of the alternative rules

Explicação

Questão 37 de 56

1

Monchi et al (2001) studied some process dissociations within the Winconsisn Card Sort Test using fMRI. Where did they find activation related to the processing of the cue to switch?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Left Posterior Parietal Cortex

  • Motor Cortex

  • Left Inferotemporal Cortex

  • Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Explicação

Questão 38 de 56

1

Mixing Costs do not measure

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • vigilance

  • rule activation

  • working memory

  • planning

Explicação

Questão 39 de 56

1

Impulses and Reflexes are similar in many of the aspects listed below. Choose the option that does not apply

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • They are automatic

  • They can be unconscious

  • They are driven by emotions

  • They are processed fast

Explicação

Questão 40 de 56

1

For compatibilists accounts the relationship between free-will and determinism is,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is true

  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is false

  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is true

  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is false

Explicação

Questão 41 de 56

1

Impulsive behaviours are characterised by prioritising

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • long-term goals over short-term goals

  • short-term goals over long-term goals

  • relieve over regret

  • reward over punishment

Explicação

Questão 42 de 56

1

ADHD does not normally co-exist in the same patient with which of the following syndromes

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Bipolar Disorder

  • Depression

  • Antisocial Behaviour

  • Psychotic Behaviour

Explicação

Questão 43 de 56

1

Increased levels of addiction gradually induce

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • an overactive ventrolateral cortex

  • an under-active orbitofrontal cortex

  • increased in dopamine

  • increases in GABA

Explicação

Questão 44 de 56

1

Most of the actions driven by emotions are executed by a network of brain areas commonly knows at the "zombie brain". Which of the following brain areas is not part of it?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Thalamus

  • Amygdala

  • Hippocampus

  • Hypothalamus

Explicação

Questão 45 de 56

1

Utilisation behaviours related to which other syndrome?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Hyperkinesia

  • Tourette

  • Echolia

  • ADHD

Explicação

Questão 46 de 56

1

Non-adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • objects and no context

  • objects and context

  • context, but no objects

  • neither objects nor contexts; but memory contents

Explicação

Questão 47 de 56

1

In which kind of lesion is a patient most prone to develop anosognosia

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • left hemisphere

  • right hemisphere

  • subcortical nuclei

  • amygdala

Explicação

Questão 48 de 56

1

The error related positivity (Pe) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Frontopolar

  • Centroparietal

  • Frontocentral

  • Parietal

Explicação

Questão 49 de 56

1

Which of the following test is the most appropriate to evaluate response inhibition (the non-emotional type)?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Wisconsin Card Sorting test

  • Go No-Go task

  • Task Switching

  • Iowa Gambling Task

Explicação

Questão 50 de 56

1

From the following list, which of these executive functions is least likely to be modulated by Broca?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Response inhibition

  • Set Shifting

  • Action initiation

  • Self-Monitoring

Explicação

Questão 51 de 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the positive feedback (cue to repeat)?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • lateral premotor cortex

  • ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex

Explicação

Questão 52 de 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after the negative feedback (switch)?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • right mid-dorsolateral PFC

  • Lateral premotor cortex

  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Explicação

Questão 53 de 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after positive feedback (repeat)?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • lateral premotor cortex

  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Explicação

Questão 54 de 56

1

In the Go-No Go paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • before the target

  • after the target

  • at the same time as the target

  • in these tasks there is no target

Explicação

Questão 55 de 56

1

Adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • objects and no context

  • object and context

  • context, but no objects

  • neither objects not contexts, but memory contents

Explicação

Questão 56 de 56

1

The error related negativity (Ne) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Fronto-polar

  • Centro-parietal

  • Front-central

  • Parietal

Explicação