Biology OCR

What is the magnification of a light microscope, TEM and SEM?

Define Magnification

What is the resolution of a light microscope TEM & SEM ?

Define resolution

How do you calculate magnification?

How many micrometres in a millimetre?

How many nano-metres in a micrometer?

For a light microscope how do you prepare a slide (dry mount)?

How do you prepare a slide for a light microscope (wet mount)?

Name 4 similarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell.

Name 4 differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Describe the function of the nucleus

Describe the structure of the nucleus

Describe the structure of the nucleolus

Describe the function of the nucleolus

Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope

Describe the function of the nuclear envelope

Describe the structure of the RER

Describe the function of the RER

Describe the structure of the SER

Describe the function of the SER

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

Describe the function of the golgi apparatus

Describe the structure of the flagella

Describe the function of the flagella

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

Describe the function of the mitochondria

Describe the structure of a lysosome

Describe the function of lysosomes

Describe the structure of chloroplast

Describe the structure of cilia

Describe the function of cilia

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

Describe the function of the plasma membrane

Describe the structure of the vacuole

Describe the function of the vacuole

Describe the structure of ribosomes

Describe the function of ribosomes

Describe the structure of centrioles

Describe the function of centrioles

Describe the structure of the cellulose cell wall

Describe the function of the cellulose cell wall

What are the steps in protein synthesis?

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

What are the two types of protein that the cytoskeleton consists of?

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

What are the 5 bases?

Which bases are purines?

Which bases are pyrimidines?

How many rings do purines have?

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

What are phosohorylated nucleotides?

Give examples of phosphorylated nucleotides

What kind of reaction bonds nucleotides together?

What are phosphodiester bonds?

What does it mean when 2 polynucleotide chains are running in antiparallel?

What is the process of DNA purification?

What are the steps in DNA replication?

What does DNA Helicase do?

Why do we call it semi-conservative relpication?

What does DNA polymerase do?

What does ligase do?

What does degenerate mean?

What does it universal mean?

What does non-overlapping mean?

What is a gene?

Define transcription

What are the steps in transcription?

Define translation

What are the steps in translation?

Is translation an active or passive process?

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

How many hydrogen bonds form between bases A and T?

How many hydrogen bonds form between bases G and C?

How do TEMs work?

Why do same parts of an image from a TEM look darker?

how do SEMs work?

Do SEMs produce 2D or 3D images?

Define diffusion

What type of molecules diffuse through cell membranes?

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

What is facilitated diffusion?

How do carrier proteins work?

How do channel proteins work?

Define active transport

Define osmosis

What molecule has the highest water potential?

What is a hypotonic solution?

What is an isotonic solution?

What is a hypertonic solution?

What happens to animal cells when placed in a hypotonic solution?

What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?

What happens to an animal cell when placed in an isotonic solution?

What happens to a plant cell when placed in an isotonic solution?

What happens when an animal cell is placed inside a hypertonic solution?

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

Why does endocytosis take place?

How does endocytosis work?

Why do we need exocytosis?

How does exocytosis work?

Which processes are examples of bulk transport?

Which processes are passive?

Which processes are active?

What is cell signalling?

How does cell signalling work?

Give an example of a messenger molecule

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

What is the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?

What is cholesterol?

What is the role of cholesterol?

How do glycoproteins and glycolipids stabilise the membrane?

What is the role of glycolipids and glycoproteins?

What happens to membrane permeability below 0°C?

What happens to membrane permeability between 0 and 45°C?

What happens to membrane permeability above 45°C?

How does changing the solvent increase permeability?

Give examples of solvents that affect membrane permeability

What type of bond joins monosaccharides together?

How many proteins does mRNA code for?

What is the endocytosis of liquids called?

What is activation energy?

How do enzymes reduce activation energy?

Why are enzymes described as biological catalysts?

What do anabolic enzymes do?

What do catabolic enzymes do?

Give examples of how enzymes can affect structure

Give examples of how enzymes can affect functions

Describe the structure of enzymes

Give an example of an enzyme that catalyses intracellular reactions

Give two examples of enzymes that catalyse extracel lular reactions

What is activation energy?

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

What does lowering activation energy mean in terms of temperature?

What are cofactors

What are prosthetic groups?

What is the lock and key model?

What is the induced fit model?

Give an example of a cofactor for an enzyme

Give an example of a prosthetic group for an enzyme

Give an example of a source of coenzymes

What are coenzymes?

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

What pH does pepsin work best at and why?

What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity?

What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity?

What are competitive inhibitors?

What are non competitive inhibitors?

what happens when inhibitors form covalent bonds with the enzyme?

What happens when inhibitors form hydrogen bonds?