Tidal volume refers to
the volume of air in the lungs when passively breathing
the lung volume when inhaling to the full extent of lung capacity
the lung volume of maximum inhalation to maximum exhalation
the volume of air left in the lungs after exhaling
Which animal would have the highest tidal volume?
Cow
Horse
Man
Dog
Which animal would have the lowest respiratory frequency?
All domestic species have two clearly-defined lobes in their left lung, EXCEPT for...
horses
ruminants
pigs
carnivores
Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the right lung?
cranial
middle
caudal
medial
accessory
Which animal(s) has its cranial lobe supplied by the tracheal bronchus?
Sheep
Pig
Which lung lobe lies along the ventral midline of the left and right lung?
Which pleura lines the lateral wall of the rib cage?
mediastinal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
costal pleura
visceral pleura
Which structures are contained within the mediastinum?
lungs
thymus
trachea
heart
caudal vena cava
right phrenic nerve
oesophagus
Which pleura is attached to the surface of the lung?
pulmonary pleura
"Roaring" is usually caused by damage to which nerve?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Which of the following make up the conducting airways?
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
Gas exchange occurs in the
conducting airways
respiratory zone
Dead spaces refer to areas that are ventilated but not perfused.
What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
ciliated columnar epithelium
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
ciliated stratified squamous epitihelium
non-ciliated columnar epithelium
Which of the following are characteristics of the bronchus?
cuboidal epithelium
contains goblet cells
contains clara cells
has irregular plates of cartilage
has a vascular sheath known as the peribronchial
Which of the following are characteristics of bronchioles?
has goblet cells
has clara cells
has a vascular sheath known as the peribronchial sheath
Contraction of which structure allows for redistribution of gas in the lungs?
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
alveolus
respiratory bronchiole
What is considered the "exhcange tissue" of the lung?
Alveloli
Pneumocytes
Clara cells
Goblet cells
Connective tissue cells and fibers make up the alveolar interstitium.
Which of the following is a consequence of pulmonary fibrosis?
large deposition of collage when prevents proper inspiration
large deposition of fibrin
invasion of basophils into the alveolar spaces
inefficient gas exchange
reduced compliance
Blood in the bronchial artery drains via the
common capillary network
bronchial veins
azygous veins
What type of muscle surrounds the airways in the lung?
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Fick's law refers to
how the rate of gas exchange is affected by the pressure difference, thickness and total surface area of a tissue
the binding affinity of oxygen and hemoglobin when related to acidity and carbon dioxide concentration
how the energy contraction of a cardiac muscle fiber is proportional to the initial fiber length at rest
how the binding of O2 to hemoglobin in the lungs causes the displacement of CO2 from hemoglobin
How would an increase in tissue thickness affect gas exchange?
it would decrease
it would increase
it would not change
What is the partial pressure of O2 at the arterial and venous ends of the pulmonary capillary respectively?
A: 40 mmHg V: 104 mmHg
A: 45 mmHg V: 110 mmHg
A: 104 mmHg V: 40 mmHg
A: 45 mmHg V: 40 mmHg
What is the partial pressure of CO2 at the arterial and venous ends of the pulmonary capillary?
A: 40 mmHg V: 45 mmHg
A: 110 mmHg V: 45 mmHg
All other factors being the same, which partial pressures would result in the slowest diffusion of O2 into the tissue?
Arterial blood PO2: 95 mmHg Interstitial fluid PO2: 40 mmHg
Arterial blood PO2: 80 mmHg Interstitial fluid PO2: 60 mmHg
Arterial blood PO2: 70 mmHg Interstitial fluid PO2: 20 mmHg
Arterial blood PO2: 120 mmHg Interstitial fluid PO2: 70 mmHg
In a normal animal, how would perfusion (Q) and ventilation (V) be affected in the lower region of the lung?
both Q and V would be higher but Q > V
both Q and V would be higher but V > Q
both Q and V would be equally lower
both Q and V would be lower but Q > V
both Q and V would be equally higher
In a normal animal, how would ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) be affected in the upper zone of the lungs?
both Q and V would be lower but V > Q
both Q and V would be higher but Q < V
both Q and V would equally increase
both Q and V would equally decrease
In the upper zone of the lung, ventilation is better than perfusion.
A small degree of shunt occurs in which region of a healthy lung?
lower zone
mid zone
upper zone
A small degree of deadspace occurs in which region of a healthy lung?
How would a tracheal blockage affect V/Q when compared to a normal long?
decreased V/Q
increased V/Q
there would be no change
A tracheal blockage would result in...
alveolar dead space
shunt
A thromboembolism would result in...
How would a thromboembolism in the pulmonary artery affect V/Q when compared to a normal long?
V/Q would increase
V/Q would decrease
How would a decrease in stroke volume affect V/Q?
V/Q would be unaffected
How would a decrease in afterload affect V/Q?
it would be unchanged
How does the partial pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin-oxygen binding?
a high PO2 would cause O2 to bind to Hb
a high PO2 would cause O2 to be released from Hb
a low PO2 would cause O2 to be released from Hb
a low PO2 would cause O2 to bind to Hb
How would heavy exercise affect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?
it would shift to the right
it would shift to the left
it would be unchaged
Hemoglobin affinity for carbon monoxide is much lower than for oxygen.
The majority of carbon dioxide is carried as...
dissolved CO2
HbCO2
HCO3-
Which of the following are muscles of inspiration?
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
scalene muscles
abdominal muscles
no muscles are used
Resting breathing uses which muscles for expiration?
Breathing during exercise uses which muscles for expiration?
How would transpulmonary pressure change during ventilation?
increase during inspiration and decrease during expiration
decrease during inspiration and increase during expiration
it would remain constant during both inspiration and expiration
Which animal would have more compliant lungs?
horse
dog
sheep
cat
Which of the following would cause an increase in compliance?
pulmonary fibrosis
alveolar oedema
pulmonary emphysema
increased pulmonary venous pressure
What cell type is responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant?
Type 1 pnuemocytes
Type 2 pnuemocytes
Surface tension increases in...
smaller alveoli
larger alveoli
Acetylcholine binds to which receptor type in the lungs?
M1
M3
Nm
Nn
M2
Parasympathetic innervation to the lung can close which airways?
Bronchi
Trachea
Bronchioles
An increase of [H+] in the blood would result in...
increased ventilation
decreased ventilation
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
ventral surface of the medulla
carotid artery
aortic artery
If the peripheral chemoreceptors detect a reduced arterial PO2, it would result in
an increase in breathing
a decrease in breathing
no change in breathing
Which nuclei cause contraction of the accessory muscles during exercise?
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine nuclei
In a normal animal, which of the following drives ventilation?
CO2
pH
O2
What is the primary respiratory control center?
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
thalamus
The activation of which neural group would result in a decrease in tidal volume?
pneumotaxic center in the pons
apneustic center in the pons
dorsal respiratory group in the medulla
ventral respiratory group in the medulla
The activation of which neural group would result in an increase in tidal volume?
