2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 1)

Questão 1 de 130

1

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

cigarette smoking.
his age.
the geographic location of home.
his sex.

Explicação

Questão 2 de 130

1

In general, atherosclerosis is triggered by:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

injured neutrophils.
deposited adipose cells.
macrophages that engulf LDL.
lipid-laden mast cells.

Explicação

Questão 3 de 130

1

Plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and debris, often with attached thrombi that can obstruct arteries and arterioles, are referred to as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Atheromas
Sarcomas
Fibromas
Prothrombi

Explicação

Questão 4 de 130

1

The most common cause of myocardial ischaemia is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

venous emboli.
atherosclerosis.
vasospasm.
arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation.

Explicação

Questão 5 de 130

1

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following would be most likely to have caused her condition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

atherosclerosis.
heart valve damage.
bacterial infection.
vascular injury and inflammation.

Explicação

Questão 6 de 130

1

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her GP complaining of oedema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a most likely cause?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

ischaemia.
extreme exercise.
long periods of standing.
dyslipidemia.

Explicação

Questão 7 de 130

1

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

deep veins of the leg.
left ventricle.
systemic arteries.
superficial veins of the body.

Explicação

Questão 8 de 130

1

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and oedema. He is predisposed to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

deep vein thrombosis.
skin hyperpigmentation.
stasis ulcers.
all answers are correct.

Explicação

Questão 9 de 130

1

A 65-year-old female presents to the ED complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

cerebral vessels.
illiac arteries.
inferior vena cava.
thoracic aorta.

Explicação

Questão 10 de 130

1

The build-up of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Ischaemic heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension

Explicação

Questão 11 de 130

1

Which of the following types of drugs is NOT typically used to treat hypertension?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Thiazide diuretics
Nitrates
ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers

Explicação

Questão 12 de 130

1

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Angina
Secondary
Essential
Tertiary

Explicação

Questão 13 de 130

1

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all the following except:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Low levels of LDL blood serum
Hypertension
Smoking
Advanced age

Explicação

Questão 14 de 130

1

A stationary blood clot within an artery is a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Myocardial infarction
Embolus
Stroke
Thrombus

Explicação

Questão 15 de 130

1

A 62-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain at rest and on exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Exertional
Stable
Variant
Unstable

Explicação

Questão 16 de 130

1

A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

the vagus nerve is stimulated.
myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits.
the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand.
cardiac output has fallen below normal levels.

Explicação

Questão 17 de 130

1

A 51-year-old male is at his health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed a substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting two to three minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. He is most likely to be experiencing:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

stable angina
unstable angina
variant angina
myocardial infarction

Explicação

Questão 18 de 130

1

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. She would be expected primarily to suffer from myocardial:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

hypertrophy.
ischaemia.
necrosis.
dilation.

Explicação

Questão 19 de 130

1

Cardiac cells can withstand ischaemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

30 minutes
60 minutes
1 minute
20 minutes

Explicação

Questão 20 de 130

1

A 49-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain. An ECG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischaemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

decrease in ventricular volume with diuretic
increase cardiac contractility
increase heart rate
increase myocardial oxygen supply

Explicação

Questão 21 de 130

1

A 55-year-old male died of myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

platelet aggregation within an atherosclerotic coronary artery.
decreased ventricular diastolic filling time.
embolisation of plaque from the aorta.
smooth muscle dysplasia in the coronary artery.

Explicação

Questão 22 de 130

1

A 75-year-old male presents with severe chest pain. Lab tests in hospital reveal elevated levels of creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase. These elevated levels indicate probable:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Unstable angina
Hypertension
Stable angina
Myocardial infarction

Explicação

Questão 23 de 130

1

A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to hospital 30 minutes later. She survived but now has impaired ventricular function because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

there was a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance.
the resulting ischaemia led to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.
there was too much stress on the heart.
the cells became hypertrophic.

Explicação

Questão 24 de 130

1

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):

Selecione uma das seguintes:

transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion.
contain only small amounts of cholesterol.
promote atheroma development.
are associated with low intake of saturated fats.

Explicação

Questão 25 de 130

1

Which of the following patients will likely experience difficulty in maintaining lipoprotein synthesis resulting in elevated LDL levels?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A 35-year-old patient with a history of hepatitis C and B with end-stage liver disease
A 44-year-old female admitted for hysterectomy due to cervical cancer with metastasis
A 27-year-old patient with pancreatitis related to alcohol abuse
A 55-year-old male admitted for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Explicação

Questão 26 de 130

1

Hypertension can be classified into the following three major categories:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Active, passive, fatal
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Subacute, acute, chronic
Essential, secondary, malignant

Explicação

Questão 27 de 130

1

Where do atherosclerotic plaques occur most often?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

in large, abdominal veins
at points of arterial vessel bifurcation
in myocardial capillaries
all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 28 de 130

1

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias.
reducing the risk of blood clotting.
decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques.
reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.

Explicação

Questão 29 de 130

1

Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

The presence of elevated serum cardiac enzymes and triglycerides
Serum cardiac enzymes markers released from necrotic cells and ECG changes
Leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein
A full description of the pain, including the sequence of development

Explicação

Questão 30 de 130

1

High levels of which of the following lipoproteins can be beneficial?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

IDL
LDL
HDL
VLDL

Explicação

Questão 31 de 130

1

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He could be treated with a drug that acts by which of the following mechanisms?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

calcium channel agonist
diuretic
angiotensin ll agonist
beta-adrenergic agonist

Explicação

Questão 32 de 130

1

Claudication describes, or is related to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Painful cramps in skeletal muscles due to peripheral vascular disease
Painful upper limbs due to hypertension
Chest pain
All answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 33 de 130

1

The basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is best described as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis.
irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.
temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery.
cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body.

Explicação

Questão 34 de 130

1

Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following EXCEPT:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

eating a large meal.
engaging in an angry argument.
running upstairs on a hot day.
taking a nap.

Explicação

Questão 35 de 130

1

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse.
brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing.
bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnoea.
flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness.

Explicação

Questão 36 de 130

1

Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.
An 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.
A 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.
A 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.

Explicação

Questão 37 de 130

1

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

promotes platelet adhesion.
increases serum HDL levels.
decreases serum lipid levels.
reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance.

Explicação

Questão 38 de 130

1

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.
Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.
Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.
Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.

Explicação

Questão 39 de 130

1

Which of the following hypertensive individuals is most likely to have his or her high blood pressure diagnosed as secondary rather than essential?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A 40-year-old smoker who eats excessive amounts of salt and saturated fats
An African American man who leads a sedentary lifestyle
A 69-year-old woman who is an executive in a large corporation
A 51-year-old male who has been diagnosed with glomerulonephritis

Explicação

Questão 40 de 130

1

A 54-year-old man with a long-standing diagnosis of essential hypertension is meeting with his physician. The patient's physician would anticipate that which of the following phenomena is most likely occurring?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in his lungs causes increases in blood pressure and sodium reabsorption.
The patient's juxtaglomerular cells are releasing aldosterone as a result of sympathetic stimulation.
ADH is exerting an effect on his chemoreceptors and baroreceptors resulting in vasoconstriction.
Adrenalin from his adrenal gland is initiating the renin -angiotensin- aldosterone system.

Explicação

Questão 41 de 130

1

What condition refers to thrombotic events associated with venous wall inflammation, and occurs in any part of the body?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

phlebothrombosis
deep vein thrombosis
varicose veins
thrombophlebitis

Explicação

Questão 42 de 130

1

Which vessel/s is/are particularly prone to aneurysm?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

aorta
superior vena cava
small peripheral arteries of the legs
inferior vena cava

Explicação

Questão 43 de 130

1

A drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Aspirin
Streptokinase
Heparin
Ibuprofen

Explicação

Questão 44 de 130

1

A venous disorder in which a thrombus forms spontaneously in a vein without prior inflammation is referred to as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Venous stenosis
Thrombophlebitis
Fibrothrombosis
Phlebothrombosis

Explicação

Questão 45 de 130

1

A general term for all types of arterial changes, but most often applied to loss of elasticity of arteries and arterioles, is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Vascular stenosis
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Osteoporosis

Explicação

Questão 46 de 130

1

A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

leading a sedentary lifestyle.
being female and older than 40 years of age.
familial hypercholesterolemia.
excluding saturated fats from the diet.

Explicação

Questão 47 de 130

1

A coronary artery disease that occurs when the blood flow to the myocardial cells is interrupted for an extended period of time, followed by necrosis, is referred to as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Angina pectoris
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Dysrhythmias

Explicação

Questão 48 de 130

1

Which antihypertensive drug group should be avoided when a person has a pre-existing respiratory condition like asthma?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Calcium channel antagonists.
Diuretics.
β-blockers.
ACE inhibitors.

Explicação

Questão 49 de 130

1

Adverse effects such as an unproductive cough sometimes occur with which category of medicine frequently used for treatment of hypertension?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
β-blockers
ACE inhibitors

Explicação

Questão 50 de 130

1

Factors that may lead to the formation of varicose veins include:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Trauma, lying in bed for prolonged periods, and liver failure
Pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies, and mitral valve defects
Vein valve damage, wearing tight clothing, and crossing legs
Diet, exercise, and obesity

Explicação

Questão 51 de 130

1

How do ACE inhibitors work?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

They block Angiotensinogen production in the lungs
They block the enzyme cyclooxygenase
They block the formation of the enzyme renin by the kidney
They block the conversion of Angiotension 1 to Angiotensin 2

Explicação

Questão 52 de 130

1

A 13-year-old boy has had a sore throat for at least a week and has been vomiting for 2 days. His glands are swollen, and he moves stiffly because his joints hurt. Throat cultures show infection with group A streptococci. This child is at high risk for?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

mitral valve stenosis.
vasculitis.
myocarditis.
infective endocarditis.

Explicação

Questão 53 de 130

1

A client has been diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis following his recovery from rheumatic fever. Which of the following teaching points would be most accurate to convey to the client?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Your heart's mitral valve isn't closing properly so blood is flowing backward in your heart and eventually into your lungs.
The valve between your left ventricle and left atria is infected and isn't allowing enough blood through.
The normal tissue that makes up the valve between the right sides of your heart has stiffened.
Your mitral valve isn't opening up enough for blood to flow into the part of your heart that sends blood into circulation.

Explicação

Questão 54 de 130

1

On a routine physical exam visit, the physician mentions that he hears a new murmur. The patient gets worried and asks, “What does this mean?” The physician responds;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

One of your heart valves is not opening properly. We need to do an echocardiogram to see which valve is having problem.
This may make you a little more fatigued than usual. Let me know if you start getting dizzy or light-headed.
This could be caused by an infection. Have you been feeling well the past few weeks?
It would be caused by stress. Let's keep our eye on it and see if it goes away with your next visit.

Explicação

Questão 55 de 130

1

A 34-year-old man who is an intravenous drug user has presented to the emergency department with malaise, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The health care team wants to rule out endocarditis as a diagnosis. Staff of the department would most realistically anticipate which of the following sets of diagnostics?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

CT of the heart, chest x-ray, and ECG
ECG, blood pressure, and stress test
Echocardiogram, blood cultures, and temperature
Cardiac catheterization, chest x-ray, electrolyte measurement, and white cell count

Explicação

Questão 56 de 130

1

A physician has ordered the measurement of a cardiac patient's electrolyte levels as part of the client's morning blood work. Which of the following statements best captures the importance of potassium in the normal electrical function of the patient's heart?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Potassium catalyzes the metabolism of ATP, producing the gradient that results in electrical stimulation.
Potassium is central to establishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells.
The reciprocal movement of one potassium ion for one sodium ion across the cell membrane results in the production of an action potential.
The impermeability of cardiac cell membranes to potassium allows for action potentials achieved by the flow of sodium ions.

Explicação

Questão 57 de 130

1

The initial medical management for a symptomatic patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) would be administering a medication to block the effects of catecholamines. The nurse will anticipate administering which of the following medications?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker
Lanoxin, an inotropic
Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor
Lasix, a diuretic

Explicação

Questão 58 de 130

1

A 63-year-old male client has been diagnosed with a bundle branch block. How will this client's care team most likely expect his condition to be expressed diagnostically?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

His ECG will show a flattened P wave as a result of impaired atrial depolarization.
His ECG will show an inordinately wide QRS complex because impulses are bypassing the normal conduction tissue.
Conduction from the Purkinje fibers to the bundle branches is compromised by inadequate conduction.
His AV node will be performing the primary pacemaker role due to inadequacy of the SA node.

Explicação

Questão 59 de 130

1

You are looking after a 61-year-old male client in the hospital who has presented with a new onset of atrial fibrillation. Which of the following courses of treatment would you most likely expect the attending physician to initiate?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Diuretics, total bed rest, and cardioversion if necessary
Anticoagulants and beta-blockers to control rate
Antihypertensives and constant cardiac monitoring in a high acuity unit
Immediate cardioversion followed by surgery to correct the atrial defect

Explicação

Questão 60 de 130

1

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute, is called the

Selecione uma das seguintes:

stroke volume.
cardiac output.
ejection fraction.
end-diastolic volume.

Explicação

Questão 61 de 130

1

If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 70 ml and a heart rate of 90 beat/minute, the cardiac output would be

Selecione uma das seguintes:

70 ml/min
6.3 L/min
1.28 ml/min
0.77 L/min

Explicação

Questão 62 de 130

1

Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive ____ effect.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

chronotropic
inotropic
cholinergic
feedback

Explicação

Questão 63 de 130

1

Stroke volume is regulated by all of the following except

Selecione uma das seguintes:

end-diastolic volume
peripheral resistance
cardiac output
contractility

Explicação

Questão 64 de 130

1

The preload acting on a ventricle is equivalent to that chamber's

Selecione uma das seguintes:

end-diastolic volume
stroke volume
contractility
ejection fraction

Explicação

Questão 65 de 130

1

The afterload imposed on a ventricle refers to

Selecione uma das seguintes:

the amount of blood added to a ventricle by atrial systole
the total peripheral resistance opposing the ejection of blood
its end-systolic volume, the blood left after contraction is complete
the ejection fraction, or percentage of EDV ejected by ventricular systole

Explicação

Questão 66 de 130

1

The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the proportional relationship between

Selecione uma das seguintes:

stroke volume and end-diastolic volume
stroke volume and cardiac output
stroke volume is and total peripheral resistance
the left and right ventricles

Explicação

Questão 67 de 130

1

A positive inotropic agent is something that

Selecione uma das seguintes:

decreases the contractility of myocardial fibers
increases the contractility of myocardial fibers
reduces the heart rate in positive feedback loop
increases the heart rate in positive feedback loop

Explicação

Questão 68 de 130

1

A nurse is administering morning medications to a number of patients on a medical unit. Which of the following medication regimens is most suggestive that the patient has a diagnosis of heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Anticoagulant, antihypertensive, calcium supplement
Beta-blocker, potassium supplement, anticoagulant
Diuretic, ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker
Antihypertensive, diuretic, antiplatelet aggregator

Explicação

Questão 69 de 130

1

A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client

Selecione uma das seguintes:

has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.
has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.
complains of dyspnoea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).
has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.

Explicação

Questão 70 de 130

1

A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of his condition. Which of the following assessments would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this toddler?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Breathlessness with activity
Increased urine output
Enlargement of the liver
Excessive crying

Explicação

Questão 71 de 130

1

The nurse working in the ICU knows that chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure will result in the patient displaying which of the following clinical manifestations?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Chest pain and intermittent ventricular tachycardia
Dyspnoea and crackles in bilateral lung bases
Petechia and spontaneous bleeding
Muscle cramping and cyanosis in the feet

Explicação

Questão 72 de 130

1

Which one of the following is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Decreased angiotensin II production.
Decreased myocardial contractility.
Increased myocardial oxygen demand.
Cardiac remodelling.

Explicação

Questão 73 de 130

1

Pulmonary symptoms, such as dyspnoea and cough, common to left heart failure are a result of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

pulmonary vascular congestion.
hypoxaemia.
inflammatory pulmonary oedema.
bronchoconstriction.

Explicação

Questão 74 de 130

1

Adverse effects such as an unproductive cough and taste disturbances may occur from which category of medicine frequently used for treatment of heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Aldosterone antagonists.
Cardiac glycosides.
ACE inhibitors.
Diuretics.

Explicação

Questão 75 de 130

1

Right heart failure will likely cause:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

non-pitting oedema in the arms, resulting from decreased arterial pressure
pitting oedema in the lower legs, resulting from increased venous pressure
pulmonary oedema from increased left ventricular filling
all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 76 de 130

1

A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures generally results from this condition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

low-output failure
right heart failure
high-output failure
left heart failure

Explicação

Questão 77 de 130

1

Excess preload can be reduced by:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

use of antidiuretics
use of diuretics
increasing volume intake, that is, drinking more fluid
all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 78 de 130

1

In terms of cardiac pathology, the greatest danger of untreated rheumatic fever is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

myocardial hypertrophy
damage to heart valves
atherosclerosis
acute right-side heart failure

Explicação

Questão 79 de 130

1

An incompetent mitral valve would cause:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

decreased pressure in the left atrium.
decreased output from the left ventricle.
hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
increased blood to remain in the right atrium.

Explicação

Questão 80 de 130

1

A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

conduction through the AV node is impaired.
ventricular filling is reduced.
venous return is increased.
ventricular fibrillation develops immediately.

Explicação

Questão 81 de 130

1

Pericarditis causes a reduction in cardiac output as a result of which of the following?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Delays in the conduction system, interfering with cardiac rhythm
Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, which decreases ventricular filling
Weak myocardial contractions due to friction rub
Incompetent valves, which allow regurgitation of blood

Explicação

Questão 82 de 130

1

A patient, who is experiencing some angina associated with tachycardia, has been placed on verapamil, a calcium channel blocker. Knowing the mechanism of action of this medication, you should assess this patient for which of the following adverse reactions?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Ventricular tachycardia
Bradycardia
Increased cardiac output
Sudden asystole

Explicação

Questão 83 de 130

1

Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Epinephrine
Nifedipine
Digoxin
Furosemide

Explicação

Questão 84 de 130

1

Heart block, in which a conduction delay at the AV node results in intermittent missed ventricular contractions, is called:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

total heart block.
first-degree block.
second-degree block.
bundle-branch block.

Explicação

Questão 85 de 130

1

Atrial fibrillation may:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

increase the risk of thromboembolism
induce an irregular heart rate
increase turbulence within the atrial chamber
all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 86 de 130

1

The current optimal drug therapy in the management of heart failure is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

a non-selective β-blocker.
the dopamine agonist, dobutamine.
the cardiac glycoside, digoxin.
an ACE inhibitor and a diuretic.

Explicação

Questão 87 de 130

1

Which one of the following would you not expect to be administered to a patient suffering heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

diuretic
digoxin
beta-agonist
ACE inhibitor

Explicação

Questão 88 de 130

1

A 67-year-old female has chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. The primary cause of her anaemia is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

bone marrow failure
folate deficiency
vitamin B12 deficiency
iron deficiency

Explicação

Questão 89 de 130

1

Maternal-fetal blood incompatibility may exist in which of the following conditions?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

The mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive.
The mother has type AB blood and the fetus has type B blood.
The mother has type A blood and the fetus has type O blood.
The mother is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative.

Explicação

Questão 90 de 130

1

A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anaemia. Which of the following anaemias falls into this category?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

thalassaemia
haemolytic anaemia
pernicious anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia

Explicação

Questão 91 de 130

1

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia. A decrease in which of the following is the most likely cause?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

transferin
intrinsic factor
gastric enzymes
ferritin

Explicação

Questão 92 de 130

1

Erythrocytes that are _____ contain an abnormally low concentration of haemoglobin.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

macrocytic
hypochromic
microcytic
hyperchromic

Explicação

Questão 93 de 130

1

Which of the following is typically not associated with anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

increased haemolysis
lack of intrinsic factor
high dietary iron intake
disruption of haemoglobin chains

Explicação

Questão 94 de 130

1

Those who live at high altitudes, or who receive extra erythropoietin, are likely to suffer:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

primary polycythaemia
haemolytic disease
secondary polycythaemia
sickle cell anaemia

Explicação

Questão 95 de 130

1

Anaemia due to inherited mutations that reduce the production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin chains is known as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

haemolytic anaemia
thalassaemia
pernicious anaemia
all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 96 de 130

1

Which blood disorder results from an autoimmune attack on parietal cells of the stomach wall?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

haemolytic disease of the newborn
pernicious anaemia
microcytic anaemia
thalassaemia

Explicação

Questão 97 de 130

1

What medical term is used to describe a marked reduction in platelets?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

haemorrhoids
haemophilia
thrombocytopenia
polycythaemia

Explicação

Questão 98 de 130

1

Multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

many circulating leukocytes are immature
severe anemia interferes with the immune response
the number of white blood cells is decreased
decreased appetite and nutritional intake reduce natural defences

Explicação

Questão 99 de 130

1

The cause of leukaemia is unknown, but risk factors include ...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Exposure to high amounts of radiation
Genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome
Exposure to carcinogens such as benzene
All answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 100 de 130

1

Why is excessive bleeding a common occurrence with acute leukaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Deficit of calcium ions
Dysfunctional thrombocytes
Impaired production of prothrombin and fibrinogen
Decreased platelets

Explicação

Questão 101 de 130

1

A 5-year-old female is diagnosed with acute leukaemia. She will most likely be treated with:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

bone marrow transplant
immunotherapy
localised radiation therapy
chemotherapy

Explicação

Questão 102 de 130

1

The Reed-Sternberg cell is diagnostic for:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

chronic myeloblastic leukemia.
multiple myeloma
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Explicação

Questão 103 de 130

1

Which of the following applies to the leukaemia’s?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Exposure to chemicals is not considered a predisposing factor.
Lymphoid tissue produces abnormal leukocytes.
Chronic leukemias are more common in older people.
All answers are correct.

Explicação

Questão 104 de 130

1

Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

exposure to radiation.
certain fungal and protozoal infections.
familial tendency.
cigarette smoking.

Explicação

Questão 105 de 130

1

What is the primary treatment for the leukemias?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Chemotherapy
Radiation
Surgery
Immunotherapy

Explicação

Questão 106 de 130

1

Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

bone cells.
lymph nodes.
plasma cells.
granulocytes.

Explicação

Questão 107 de 130

1

In cases of polycythemia vera, blood pressure is most likely elevated as a result of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
increased blood volume/viscosity
congested spleen and bone marrow.
frequent infarcts in the coronary circulation

Explicação

Questão 108 de 130

1

Vitamin K is required by the liver to synthesize:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

bilirubin
amino acids
prothrombin
heparin

Explicação

Questão 109 de 130

1

_____________________ would result from a reduced number of RBCs in the blood?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Decreased haematocrit
Increased haemoglobin count
Decreased osmotic pressure of the blood
Increased risk of haemostasis

Explicação

Questão 110 de 130

1

Haemolytic disease of the newborn is due to the presence of and .

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Rh+ foetal blood, Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood
Rh+ foetal blood, Rh+ maternal blood
Rh- foetal blood, Rh+ maternal blood
Anti-Rh antibodies in foetal blood, lack of antibodies in maternal blood

Explicação

Questão 111 de 130

1

Lymphomas describe white blood cell malignancies that:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

do not involve bone marrow tissue initially
cause marked proliferation of white blood cells
initiate as cancers of lymphoid cells
all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 112 de 130

1

Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes are called:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

lymphomas
leukaemias
myelomas
lymphocytomas

Explicação

Questão 113 de 130

1

Which of the following substances acts as an anticoagulant?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Vitamin K
Prothrombin
Heparin
Fibrinogen

Explicação

Questão 114 de 130

1

A 67-year-old female is admitted to the ED with a diagnosis of polycythaemia vera. This has occurred as a result of:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

dehydration.
blood doping.
exposure to high altitude.
abnormal proliferation of red cells.

Explicação

Questão 115 de 130

1

In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), active bleeding occurs after intravascular clotting because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

clotting factors are depleted.
tissue factor (TF) is inactivated.
prothrombin is activated.
inflammatory mediators are released.

Explicação

Questão 116 de 130

1

________ describes a condition where malignant white cells produce vast quantities of abnormal immunoglobulins that ultimately destroy bone.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Multiple myeloma
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Agranulocytosis
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Explicação

Questão 117 de 130

1

A neoplastic disorder that involves malignant plasma cells that replace the bone marrow and erodes bone is referred to as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Aplastic anemia
Multiple myeloma
Leukaemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Explicação

Questão 118 de 130

1

What are the typical early clinical manifestations of anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Jaundice, cyanosis
Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
Chest pain, palpitations
Bradycardia, cyanosis

Explicação

Questão 119 de 130

1

Which of the following individuals is at highest risk for developing a vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

a 47-year-old male who had a gastrectomy procedure (removal of the stomach)
a 3-year-old female who is a fussy eater
a 64-year-old male with a history of duodenal ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding
a 26-year-old female in the second trimester of her first pregnancy

Explicação

Questão 120 de 130

1

A diverse group of neoplasms developing from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system is referred to as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Leukaemias
Microcytic anaemias
Lymphomas
Lymphatic anaemias

Explicação

Questão 121 de 130

1

In which of the following individuals would a clinician most suspect multiple myeloma as a diagnosis?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

A 70-year-old woman whose blood work reveals large numbers of immature granulocytes
An 81-year-old male resident of a long-term care home who has an uncommon bacterial pneumonia and who is unable to produce a fever
A 40-year-old man who has had three broken bones over the past 6 months and whose serum calcium and creatinine levels are elevated
A 68-year-old former coal miner who has white cell levels exponentially higher than normal ranges

Explicação

Questão 122 de 130

1

A 34-year-old male presents in the ED with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These findings are consistent with which type of anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

pernicious anaemia
aplastic anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia
haemolytic anaemia

Explicação

Questão 123 de 130

1

A 40-year-old female develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The most likely cause of this condition is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

lack of vitamin B12.
blood transfusion.
snake venom.
sepsis.

Explicação

Questão 124 de 130

1

A 52-year-old male IV drug user 5years ago was diagnosed with hepatitis C. He is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. A decrease in which of the following vitamins is most likely the cause?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

E
K
B12
D

Explicação

Questão 125 de 130

1

Chronic blood loss causes anaemia because of the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

lower metabolic rate
shortened life span of the erythrocytes
loss of protein and electrolytes
smaller amount of recycled iron available

Explicação

Questão 126 de 130

1

What is the basic abnormality in thalassemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Several amino acids in the Haem chains have been replaced by substitute amino acids.
The iron molecule is displaced in haemoglobin.
More than four globin chains are found in the erythrocytes.
There is failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the haemoglobin molecule.

Explicação

Questão 127 de 130

1

A 60-year-old woman is suspected of having non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Which of the following aspects of her condition would help to rule out Hodgkin lymphoma?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

The woman complains of recent debilitating fatigue.
Her neoplasm originates in secondary lymphoid structures.
The lymph nodes involved are located in a large number of locations in the lymphatic system.
The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells has been confirmed.

Explicação

Questão 128 de 130

1

One of the reasons non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are harder to treat than Hodgkin’s lymphomas is that they

Selecione uma das seguintes:

are not affected by the newer drug treatments.
are asymptomatic until they reach stage IV.
tend to be much larger than Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
involve multiple nodes and widespread metastases.

Explicação

Questão 129 de 130

1

Individuals with liver disease often suffer from coagulation disorders because:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

treatment medications for liver failure cause fibrinolysis.
the liver is often the site of platelet pooling.
high levels of bilirubin interfere with the clotting system.
clotting factors are produced in the liver.

Explicação

Questão 130 de 130

1

In individuals with acute leukaemia, the increased number of malignant leukocytes leads to:
1. decreased haemoglobin.
2. thrombocytopenia.
3. bone pain only with increased activity.
4. splenomegaly.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

1,3
1,2,4
1,2,3,4
2,3,4

	Criado por Kathleen Jackson quase 6 anos atrás

Module 1 EoT Exam Revision

2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 1)

Questão 1 de 130

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 2 de 130

In general, atherosclerosis is triggered by:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 3 de 130

Plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and debris, often with attached thrombi that can obstruct arteries and arterioles, are referred to as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 4 de 130

The most common cause of myocardial ischaemia is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 5 de 130

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following would be most likely to have caused her condition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 6 de 130

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her GP complaining of oedema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a most likely cause?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 7 de 130

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 8 de 130

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and oedema. He is predisposed to:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 9 de 130

A 65-year-old female presents to the ED complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 10 de 130

The build-up of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 11 de 130

Which of the following types of drugs is NOT typically used to treat hypertension?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 12 de 130

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 13 de 130

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all the following except:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 14 de 130

A stationary blood clot within an artery is a:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 15 de 130

A 62-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain at rest and on exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 16 de 130

A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 17 de 130

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 18 de 130

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. She would be expected primarily to suffer from myocardial:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 19 de 130

Cardiac cells can withstand ischaemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 20 de 130

A 49-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain. An ECG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischaemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?

Selecione uma das seguintes: