Mitch Thornell
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Medications in seperate quiz

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Mitch Thornell
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Patho mod 1 (from matrix)

Patho mod 1 (from matrix)

Questão 1 de 43

1

A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • leading a sedentary lifestyle.

  • excluding saturated fats from the diet.

  • being female and older than 40 years of age.

  • familial hypercholesterolemia.

Explicação

Questão 2 de 43

1

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Decrease serum lipid levels

  • Increase serum HDL levels

  • Promotes platelet adhesion

  • Reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance

Explicação

Questão 3 de 43

1

The most common cause of a myocardial ischaemia is:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation

  • venous emboli

  • Idiopathic vasospasm

  • atherosclerosis

Explicação

Questão 4 de 43

1

Which of the following is described by an incomplete blockage of coronary arteries; occurs when a the client exerts themself?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stable Angina

  • Non-stable Angina

  • Non ST elevated MI

  • ST elevated MI

Explicação

Questão 5 de 43

1

George comes in complaining of episodic chest pain that is relieved after a couple of minutes, he states that it occurs at random times throughout the day, even when he is sitting down.
Imaging identifies an incomplete blockage by atherosclerotic plaque in the LAD.
What category of IHD is likely to be presenting in George?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • NSTEMI

  • STEMI

  • Non-stable angina

  • Stable angina

Explicação

Questão 6 de 43

1

WIlson, aged 42, presents with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history of premature CAD presents with retrosternal crushing chest pain (10/10 in intensity), radiating down the left arm and left side of the neck. He feels nauseated and light-headed and is short of breath. Examination reveals a hypotensive, diaphoretic man in considerable discomfort with diffuse bilateral rales on chest auscultation. ECG reveals convex ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V6.
what is the diagnosis for this patient?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • Angina

  • Left-sided heart disease

Explicação

Questão 7 de 43

1

A 69-year-old man develops worsening substernal chest pressure after going for a walk in the morning before work. He tells his wife he feels a squeezing pain that is radiating to his jaw and left shoulder. He appears anxious and his wife calls for an ambulance, as he is distressed and sweating profusely. Past medical history is significant for HTN and he has been told by his doctor that he has borderline diabetes. On examination in the emergency department he is very anxious and diaphoretic. His heart rate is 112 bpm and BP is 159/93 mmHg. The ECG is significant for ST depression in the anterior leads. Three doses of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate provide little relief.
What is the most likely diagnosis

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • Stable Angina

  • Variant Angina

Explicação

Questão 8 de 43

1

What is the difference between angina and MI?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Chest pain is greater in MI

  • incomplete occlusion of coronary arteries are present in MI

  • Irreversible cell death has occured in MI

  • transmural damage is present in MI

Explicação

Questão 9 de 43

1

Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.

  • An 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.

  • A 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.

  • A 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.

Explicação

Questão 10 de 43

1

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.

  • Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.

  • Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

  • Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.

Explicação

Questão 11 de 43

1

What type of IHD will have transmural damage on the heart?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • STEMI

  • NSTEMI

  • Stable Angina

  • Variant Angina

Explicação

Questão 12 de 43

1

Whilst under the care for an infarction, which occured 4 days ago, Mary is suspected of having another Infarction, which cardiac marker will be most use full for prooving reinfarction?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Troponin I

  • CK - MB

  • CK - MM

  • Serum electrolyte levels

Explicação

Questão 13 de 43

1

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Tertiary

  • Essential

  • Secondary

  • Angina

Explicação

Questão 14 de 43

1

What type of hypertension is defined as uncontrollable hypertension even when treated with three or more drugs?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Malignant or resistant hypertension

  • Secondary hypertension

  • Primary or essential hypertension

  • Angina

Explicação

Questão 15 de 43

1

What type of hypertension is the result of another disease?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Secondary

  • Primary

  • Tertiary

  • Angina

Explicação

Questão 16 de 43

1

Atherosclerosis; sclerotic, narrow blood vessels, may be caused by what chronic condition?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Hypertension

  • Angina

  • Infarction

  • Shock

Explicação

Questão 17 de 43

1

A 34-year-old man who is an intravenous drug user has presented to the emergency department with malaise, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The health care team wants to rule out endocarditis as a diagnosis. Staff of the department would most realistically anticipate which of the following sets of diagnostics?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • CT of the heart, chest x-ray, and ECG

  • ECG, blood pressure, and stress test

  • Cardiac catheterization, chest x-ray, electrolyte measurement, and white cell count

  • Echocardiogram, blood cultures, and temperature

Explicação

Questão 18 de 43

1

Which one of the following is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Decreased angiotensin II production.

  • Increased myocardial oxygen demand.

  • Cardiac remodelling.

  • Decreased myocardial contractility.

Explicação

Questão 19 de 43

1

A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of his condition. Which of the following assessments would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this toddler?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Breathlessness with activity

  • Increased urine output

  • Enlargement of the liver

  • Excessive crying

Explicação

Questão 20 de 43

1

A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.

  • complains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).

  • has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.

  • has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

Explicação

Questão 21 de 43

1

A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.

  • complains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).

  • has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.

  • has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

Explicação

Questão 22 de 43

1

A 65-year-old male with history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. The most likely reason is

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodelling

  • alterations in alpha and beta receptor function

  • Inhibition of renin and aldosterone

  • ventricular dilation and wall thinning

Explicação

Questão 23 de 43

1

Right heart failure will likely cause:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Pitting oedema in the lower legs resulting from increased venous pressure

  • non-pitting oedema in the arms, resulting from decreased arterial pressure

  • pulmonary oedema from increased left ventricular filling

  • all answers are correct

Explicação

Questão 24 de 43

1

Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure include:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • increased renin and aldosterone secretions

  • Slow cardiac contractions

  • Fatigue and cold intolerance

  • Decreased erythropoietin secretion

Explicação

Questão 25 de 43

1

A 72-year-old female has history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. which of the following symptoms are directly related to her heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • significant oedema to both lower legs and feet

  • Decreased urine output

  • hypertension

  • pulmonary congestion

Explicação

Questão 26 de 43

1

All but one of the following are signs of congestive heart failure EXCEPT:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Polyuria

  • Muscle fatigue

  • oedema

  • cough

Explicação

Questão 27 de 43

1

What is not one of the ways a dysrhythmia may be classified?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Site of origin

  • Mechanism of disturbance

  • Duration of disturbance

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) appearance

Explicação

Questão 28 de 43

1

Multifocal atrial tachycardia;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Originates from multiple non-SA sites within the atria and has >100 QRS complexes/min.

  • >100 QRS complexes/min. originating from nonSA
    node site (i.e. a single site in the atria (ectopic))

  • between 250-350 bpm caused by atrial re-entry mechanism

  • >350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms

Explicação

Questão 29 de 43

1

">350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms with the atria"

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Atrial fibrillation

  • Atrial flutter

  • Atrial tachycardia (focal)

  • Atrial bradycardia

Explicação

Questão 30 de 43

1

What are the typical early clinical manifestations of anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Bradycardia, cyanosis

  • Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue

  • Chest pain, palpitations

  • Jaundice, cyanosis

Explicação

Questão 31 de 43

1

Which of the following is typically not associated with anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • disruption of haemoglobin chains

  • increased haemolysis

  • lack of intrinsic factor

  • high dietary iron intake

Explicação

Questão 32 de 43

1

Anaemia due to inherited mutations that reduce the production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin chains is known as:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • haemolytic anaemia

  • thalassaemia

  • all answers are correct

  • pernicious anaemia

Explicação

Questão 33 de 43

1

Chronic blood loss causes anaemia because of the:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • smaller amount of recycled iron available

  • loss of protein and electrolytes

  • lower metabolic rate

  • shortened life span of the erythrocytes

Explicação

Questão 34 de 43

1

Transmural damage is commonly seen in?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • STEMI

  • NSTEMI

  • Angina

  • Atherosclerosis

Explicação

Questão 35 de 43

1

Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump enough blood around the body to meet the _________ needs of the body.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Metabolic

  • Oxygen

  • Nutrient

  • Energy

Explicação

Questão 36 de 43

1

Which of the below is not a direct cause of right sided heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Infarction of the right ventricle

  • Pulmonary valve stenosis

  • Aortic valve stenosis

  • Cor pulmonale (pulmonary oedema)

Explicação

Questão 37 de 43

1

which of the below is not a direct cause of Left sided heart failure?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Infarction of the left ventricle

  • Aortic valve stenosis

  • Hyperthyroidism

  • Pulmonary valve stenosis

Explicação

Questão 38 de 43

1

Oedema caused by Right sided heart failure does not include

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Lower limbs (legs)

  • Liver (Congestive hepatomegaly "nutmeg liver")

  • Abdominal organs

  • Pulmonary system

Explicação

Questão 39 de 43

1

Pulmonary congestion is caused by?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Backup effect in LHF

  • Backup effect in RHF

  • the forward effect in LHF

  • the forward effect in RHF

Explicação

Questão 40 de 43

1

From the following; treatment is limited to electrical defibrillation.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • AF

  • VF

  • VT

  • Heart block

Explicação

Questão 41 de 43

1

Which of the following is not a way anaemia is classified?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Volume of circulating RBC

  • Colour of RBC

  • Mechanism causing anaemia

  • Size of RBC

Explicação

Questão 42 de 43

1

Which of the following is not apart of FBC for anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) ... Hb/RBC (weight of haemoglobin)

  • Mean Circulating Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)... Hb/HCT (concentration of haemoglobin)

  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) .... HCT/RBC (average size of RBC)

  • Total Erythrocyte Mass (TEC) .... RBC/HCT (average mass of RBC)

Explicação

Questão 43 de 43

1

which of the following is not a general clinical manifestation of anaemia?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Fatigue

  • Pallor

  • Dyspnea

  • Bradycardia

Explicação

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