Hobbes - The Second law of nature requires that
Natural inequalities among men be preserved by class distinctions
All men give up the same rights as all others
Slavery be forced upon those who violate the other laws
An arbiter not be biased
According to Hobbes the main difference between a belief in one God as opposed to many gods is that
The belief in one God comes from a scientific search for a First Cause, while belief in many gods comes from fear of the future.
Only a belief in many gods is based on truth and not an attempt to control others
The belief in many gods comes from a scientific search for a First Cause, while belief in God comes from fear of the future
Only a belief in God claims any supernatural or divine involvement with humans
According to Hobbes, the origin of religion is
Simple manipulation by tricky people
God simply gave men religion as a gift
Anxiety of things to come and a desire to protect oneself from bad things happening
Recognition of seasonal changes without a good explanation for why it happens
According to Hobbes, liberty is
Absence of opposition
only available in the Commonwealth
available to all subjects
for weaklings
According to Hobbes, a Free-Man is
one that is not hindered from doing what he wills and has the strength and wit to do
a subject of the true and living king
one that has escaped the state of nature
one that has escaped from slavery
Hobbes argues that liberty and necessity can function at the same time
Hobbes argues that the commonwealth
must limit the power of the sovereign
should always be governed by majority rule
is one artificial person
must encourage diversity
According to Hobbes, the sovereign can command the death of a subject, but not that the subject yield his right of self preservation
According to Hobbes, covenants without sufficient force to support them are useless
The different types of commonwealth by institution include all of the following except,
monarchy
aristocracy
anarchy
democracy
According to Hobbes, the power of the sovereign is different depending on whether he acquired power through acquisition or institution
According to Hobbes no one has the right to criticize the actions of a sovereign, since each subject is the author of those actions
According to Hobbes, the sovereign should be under the contract, and therefore may be removed easily from power
According to Hobbes, property exists in the state of nature
The right of nature
Allows all men liberty to use his own power as he will, and to protect his life and the means of improving his life
Prevents men from being happy
prevents any man from harming another
allows all men privacy
Hobbes - Command and council differ
counsel is offered with the interests of the hearer in mind
counsel is offered by one with authority
counsel is offered with the interests of the speaker in mind
counsel must be obeyed
According to Hobbes, the sovereign can legitimately command someone to commit suicide
Groups formed by the authority of the sovereign are known as
Political bodies
writts
private parties
limited systems
According to Hobbes, it is better to have counselors meet all together than to hear their counsel individually
According to Hobbes, every crime is a sin, but not every sin is a crime
According to Hobbes, fear is most likely to deter someone from committing a crime, but people may also commit crimes due to fear
According to Hobbes, it is sometimes acceptable to protest the decrees of political bodies, but not the decrees of the sovereign
According to Hobbes, property
is a creation of the commonwealth and determined by the sovereign
exists in the state of nature
should always be determined by force
is an innate and inalienable right
Hobbes argues that political factions are necessary for a good government
Hobbes refers to commerce as
Circulation
theft
sinews
nutrition
Who, according to Locke, has the right of reparation
the victim of the transgression
the sovereign
everyone
no one
the transgressor
Locke argues that, in the state of nature, all have the right to punish someone who transgresses natural law
According to Locke, slavery is justified in the state of war
According to Locke, there are no covenants outside the commonwealth
What is the limit on the natural right to property, according to Locke?
The sovereign's will
you cannot justly let things spoil in your possession
all private property is theft, all things should stay in common
there is no limit
Locke argues we may never lawfully harm another person
Locke says that humans are all equal because
We all can kill each other
we all think we are smarter than everyone else
we are all unworthy of God's love
We are all creations and servants of God
According to Locke, natural law is derived from
hatred
physics
pythagorean theorem
reason
Locke argues that all private property can be traced to the inheritance of the oldest sons of Adam down to the present day
Locke argues that liberty is equal to license, that is not being bound by any law
Which is the determining rule in a commonwealth, according to Locke
The philosopher king knows best
majority rule
patriarchy: father knows best
might makes right
What is not needed i na commonwealth according to Locke?
A sovereign with arbitrary power over all property on a given territory
an established, disinterested (that is, not having a material stake in the outcome of controversy) judicature
an agreement of all members to give up their natural executive power to the sovereign, except for the immediate self-preservation
a known (published) law
According to Locke, the first society was
church
master-servant, emerging from the state of war
commonwealth
family
The main difference between Hobbes' social contract and Locke's social contract is that
Hobbes' contract includes all members, including the sovereign
Locke's contract includes all members, including the sovereign
Locke's contract requires all men to allow the commonwealth to employ their individual force, while Hobbes' doesnt
Hobbes' contract requires all men to allow the commonwealth to employ their individual force, while Locke's doesnt
According to Locke, which is not part of freedom
liberty of every one to do whatever he feels like
not being subject to the arbitrary will of another
use of reason
responsibility to act under the law
According to Locke, the power parents have over children
is the same as political power
arises from their duty to teach them reason
is vested only in the father, thus it is paternal power
lasts all their lives
According to Locke, the requirement to join a particular commonwealth is most closely linked to
paternal power: a child must remain in the same commonwealth as the father
the land the person claims as his own
the mother's membership
there are no such requirements: anyone can live anywhere and belong to any commonwealth
According to Locke, who is not part of civil society
slaves
wives
servants
children
According to Locke, the basic requirement for the exercise of freedom is
caprice
cowardice
rebellion
Paternal power
gives the father absolute, arbitrary control over the child
is granted for life to him who begat the child
is granted for as long as the child is in his care, until the child reaches the ability to reason
can never be held by a woman
Unlike Hobbes, Locke argues that a promise made under threat of violence is not binding
Locke alls the power to engage the forces of one commonwealth in relation with another, for example entering alliances
permissive power
executive power
federative power
judicial power
The exercise of power which another has a right to is
usurpation
"Power in the hands of the prince to provide for the public good in such cases which, depending upon unforeseen and uncertain occurrences, certain and unalterable laws could not safely direct" is called
Salus Populi
Prerogative
Tyranny
Common law
According to Locke, the supreme form of political power is
judicial
executive
legislative
permissive
Rousseau argues that human nature can change depending on the conditions he is in
Rousseau's "noble savage" in the state of nature lives for the benefit of his family
According to Rousseau, the idea that leads men into civil society is
property
danger from outsiders
self-defense
According to Rousseau, the first type of society for humans was the
religious community
master-slave relationship
polis
One of the key traits that keep humans in the state of nature from harming each other, according to Rousseau, is
diffidence
pity
competition
The goal that led to much corruption with the early groups of people was
love
acceptance
public esteem
The two arts that produced a huge revolution in early societies were
writing and linguistics
science and painting
agriculture and metallurgy
religion and dance
Who benefitted most from the institution of the first social contracts?
the rich
the poor
the intelligent
the weak
What is the nature of Rousseau's social contract as sketched in the Discourse
All agree to form a monarchy, but bind the sovereign power
the sovereign simply conquers the subjects, and agrees not to kill them as long as they are obedient
all but the sovereign (or Magistrate) agree to give rights to the sovereign, but the sovereign does not enter into the agreement
the populace agrees to obey, while the magistrate agrees to use his/their powers only in accordance with the intention of the constituenths
What is the basis for inequality, according to Rousseau
natural differences in intelligence
natural differences in physical attributes
luck
Rousseau argues that no man justly can give up liberty
Rousseau argues that the right of war does not justify slavery
Rousseau argues that social order is the basis of all other rights
According to Rousseau, the only natural society is the
city
state
According to Rousseau, the best legislator would be someone outside the commonwealth, although the laws would still have to be accepted by the sovereign
Rousseau argues that the notion of "might makes right" legitimizes rebellion
According to Rousseau, competition among factions is good for the society, as it creates political liberalism
Like Hobbes, Rousseau argues that all individuals give all their rights to the sovereign, who is not under any obligations because he/they does/do not enter into the contract
Rousseau argues that all citizens on an enemy state legitimately can be killed at any time
Rousseau argues that Hobbes' view of politics reduces men to so many herds of cattle to be devoured by the leader
Rousseau argues that the larger the state, the less liberty individuals have
The most vigorous government, according to Rousseau, is
oligarchy
Rousseau argues that democracy is always the best form of government
Rousseau indicates that the government will never act in opposition to the sovereign
Rousseau states that elective aristocracies are better than hereditary aristocracies
According to Rousseau the mark of a good government is that
it has many artists
it has peace
its citizens increase and multiply
it conquers its neighbors
The three wills that compete for a magistrate's acceptance include the following except
general will of the individual
collective will of the magistrates
private will of the individual
general will of the sovereign
Rousseau argues that __________________ is the best form of government for very large states
Democracy
Aristocracy
Which term encompasses all others, for Rousseau?
Governor
Magistrate
King
Prince
Rousseau argues that the sovereign must have regular, scheduled meetings in which it reexamines its commitment of the executive power to a particular form of government and to the particular members of the government
Which was not a requirement mentioned by Rousseau for the legitimate assembly of comitia?
the assembly had to be held on a day permitted by law
the magistrate calling the assembly had to have the proper authority
the auguries had to be favorable
the agenda had to be published beforehand
When voting on issues, which question does Rousseau want citizens to answer
Is the proposal advantageous to me?
Is this proposal harmful to our enemies
Is this proposal advantageous to the majority of citizens
Is this proposal advantageous to the state
When the general will is strongest, the commonwealth needs few laws
Rousseau argued that the general will is harmed by factions
The two considerations for determining how much of a majority is needed to pass
number of citizens and geographic size of the state
importance of the issue and need for a speedy decision
none: it always requires just over 50% of votes cast
The right to speak on the issue and the number of citizens
Rousseau opposes all censorship
Rousseau argued that all laws need to be passed by unanimous consent
Rousseau argued that once the commonwealth is established, residence is typically understood as consent to the social contract
According to Rousseau, dictators should occasionally be elected, but only for very brief terms
According to Rousseau, selection of government official in a democracy is best done by
Examination
Trial by fire
Lot
Election
