2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 5 & 6)

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The tendency to involuntarily pass urine, usually in small amounts, when abdominal pressure is raised during coughing, for example, is termed:

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Which diuretics promote the greatest diuresis?

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Turbid urine normally indicates:

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Which is most likely to contribute to overflow incontinence?

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Azotaemia describes increased concentrations of:

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From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.

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When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

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Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?

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Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:

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Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?

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Reducing fluid intake is non-pharmacological advice designed to decrease the incidence of urinary tract infections.

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Infection and inflammation of the bladder is termed:

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The incidence of urinary tract infections is about the same in women and in men, but treatment is more frequently sought by women.

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Requesting patients to produce a mid-stream urine sample is designed to ensure the sample is not diluted by urine that has accumulated at the base of the bladder and in the urethra.

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Under normal circumstances urine in the bladder is sterile, but it may be contaminated with bacteria upon exiting the urethra.

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What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

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What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

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Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

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In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?

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Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

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An elderly male patient produced only 25 mL of urine in the past 24 hours. The urologist discovers that prostatic hypertrophy is the cause. Which one of the following best describes this patient's acute renal failure?

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Which one of the following electrolytes usually must be restricted in patients with acute renal failure?

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Intrinsic acute kidney injury can be identified/caused by?

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What is the definition of acute kidney injury?

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Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?

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What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?

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What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

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Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?

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What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?

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Insensible water loss occurs from , and .

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Fluid load in patients may be increased, inadvertently or purposely, by:

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Which condition will induce cell shrinking?

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An athlete who has lost a litre or more of fluid via sweating is best advised to replace this with a solution that contains both salts and water, and a total osmolarity of approximately:

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A clinical use of a hypertonic solution is:

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Which of the following is an example of an isotonic solution?

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Which of the following is an example of an hypotonic solution?

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A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with oedema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

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A 10-year-old male is brought to the ED because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals he is suffering from cerebral oedema. This type of oedema is referred to as:

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Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:

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A 35-year-old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid?

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A 5-year-old male presents to the ED with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the doctor orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected?

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Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatraemia?

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Which of the following ions is most closely related to water movement?

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Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?

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Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body water

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When a patient is being treated with thiazide diuretics, there is a danger of ________, an unwanted and potentially dangerous side effect.

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Hyperkalaemia causes:

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Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloraemia?

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A 42-year-old female presents to her GP complaining of muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalaemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?

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Secretion of aldosterone results in:

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Metabolic acidosis may be associated with

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Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:

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Which of the following is a strong acid?

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Long-term regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of acids is accomplished by the:

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Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?

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Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

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Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient.
Not all options are used in the answers.
1. Serum pH decreases
2. Serum bicarbonate decreases
3. PCO2 decreases
4. Respiration decreases
5. Respiration increases
6. Serum pH increases
7. Serum bicarbonate increases

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Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

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A 55-year-old female presents to her GP complaining of dizziness, confusion and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2 and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

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Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?

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Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes:

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A 52-year-old male with diabetes presents to the ED with lethargy, confusion and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

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Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:

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In chronic renal failure, which of the following is the most immediately dangerous?

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Which of the following causes acute renal failure?

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Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

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The normal pH of urine is:

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Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries?

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Chronic renal failure adversely affects which body system?

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Infants are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:

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Which of the following would result in hyperkalaemia?

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Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?

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Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space?

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Causes of respiratory acidosis include:

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Crush injuries associated with a massive degree of cell rupture are likely to increase levels of extracellular:

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Choose the basic cause of bone remodelling disorders associated with chronic renal failure.

EoT Exam Module 5 & 6

2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 5 & 6)

The tendency to involuntarily pass urine, usually in small amounts, when abdominal pressure is raised during coughing, for example, is termed:

Which diuretics promote the greatest diuresis?

Turbid urine normally indicates:

Which is most likely to contribute to overflow incontinence?

Azotaemia describes increased concentrations of:

From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.

When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?

Reducing fluid intake is non-pharmacological advice designed to decrease the incidence of urinary tract infections.

Infection and inflammation of the bladder is termed:

The incidence of urinary tract infections is about the same in women and in men, but treatment is more frequently sought by women.

Requesting patients to produce a mid-stream urine sample is designed to ensure the sample is not diluted by urine that has accumulated at the base of the bladder and in the urethra.

Under normal circumstances urine in the bladder is sterile, but it may be contaminated with bacteria upon exiting the urethra.

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

Insensible water loss occurs from , and .