Protein degradation
What degrades damaged mitochondria?

Protein degradation (Wojcik)
What is the difference between lysosomes and proteasomes?

Protein degradation (Wojcik)
Proteasome inhibitors are currently used for the treatment of which of the following conditions?

Anatomy (Nelsen)
A 28-year-old man presents with chest pain and breathlessness resulting from formation and rupture of a lung bleb (a weakening in
the alveolar wall resulting in an out-pocketing and eventual rupture into the pleural space). In addition to the breakdown of the epithelial wall of the alveoli, what is the final membrane that must be breached in order to allow air to escape from the lung into the pleural cavity?

Nelson-Anatomy: cardiovascular
A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with edema of the lower extremities. Ultrasound imaging reveals an incompetent bicuspid valve. Into which area will regurgitation (i.e., backwards flow) of blood occur in this patient?

Histology (Wojcik)
Volkmann's (aka perforating) canals allow direct connections between what structures?

Histology (Wojcik)
By what route do nutrients and oxygen reach chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?

Johnstone-Extracellular Matrix
What is the importance of the non-covalent aggregation of aggrecan (The major proteoglycan of articular cartilage) along hyalurononan chains?

Johnstone-Extracellular Matrix
Collagen type I is the major collagen of the human body. Which of the following is a collagen type I rich tissue?

Epi Diagnostic (Gorman)
In clinical skills lab you learn to rate the loudness of heart murmurs according to a standard scale as follows: This data represents which type of variable?

Epi Diagnostic (Gorman)
A patient you are seeing in clinic has blood pressures recorded by her doctor at each of the last 6 visits. During the same period, the patient had her blood pressure checked by firefighters at the neighborhood fire station. Blood pressure values are shown in the table: You note an overall difference between the blood pressure values taken at the doctor's office to those obtained at the fire station, and attribute the difference to which of the following?:

Gene Expression (Spellman)
Histones alter gene expression by which of the following processes?

Gene Expression (Spellman)
Mammalian mRNAs are primarily transcribed by which of the following?

Gene Expression (Spellman)
Epigenetic regulation allows information to be passed from which of the following?:

Gene Expression (Spellman)
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is which of the following?

Marfan (Sakai)
In the absence of a family history of Marfan syndrome, diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (according to the new Ghent criteria) requires an enlarged aortic root and which of the following?

Marfan (Sakai)
Marfan Syndrome is a good example of a pleiotropic disease: multiple clinical manifestations are caused by a single defect in a single gene. Which of the following clinical manifestations are characteristic of Marfan syndrome?

Metabolism (Wirz)
Children with kawashiorkor usually have a fatty liver, due to which of the following?

Nitrogen metabolism (Wirz)
Pyridoxal Phosphate is required for which of the following reactions?

Nitrogen Workshop (Hansen)
An individual with a deficiency in the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin would be expected to experience a more detrimental effect on protein digestion than an individual who was defective in other digestive proteases. Why would that be?

Nitrogen Workshop (Hansen)
Elevated plasma phenylalanine levels are indicative of which disorder?

Nitrogen Workshop (Hansen)
Tetrahydrobiopterin is required for which of the following reaction pathways?

Pathology (Graf)
A 71 year old woman survives a myocardial infarction (MI). Thirty years later, she has an unfortunate sky-diving accident and dies. At autopsy, a microscopic slide is taken in the area of the old MI and shows which of the following?

Pathology (Graf)
After partial resection of the liver, hepatocytes proliferate to re-build the liver. This is an example of which of the following?

Pathology (Graf)
A 54 year-old man with a long history of sinusitis presented with progressively worsening headaches. Imaging showed a lesion in his left frontal lobe consistent with an abscess. On biopsy, the center of the lesion was filled with amorphous necrotic debris and acute inflammatory cells. Which type of necrosis does this represent?

Pathology (Graf)
The left photograph shows a benign neoplasm and the right photograph shows a malignant neoplasm. Which feature of these images best helps to distinguish benign from malignant on gross examination?

Safety (gorman)
Straight out of residency, your new hospitalist job requires special weekend shifts of 48 hours on call, with sufficient staffing so that each person has several hours of down time in which to take a nap. To achieve more competitive premium rates, the health system cuts back on hospitalist staffing, so that naps are no longer possible during weekend shifts. In passing, several of your colleagues mention that they have caught themselves falling asleep at times, such as when browsing through someone's medical record or doing documentation. This is an example of which of the following?:

Safety (Gorman)
An intern rotating on your service prescribes nitrofurantoin for a UTI, failing to notice the patient's allergy to this medication on the new handoff forms. The allergy also escapes the notice of the computer decision support system, the pharmacist, and the nurse who checks off all med orders. Fortunately, the person who is passing meds notices the allergy on the patient's ID and does not administer the medication. This situation is an example of which of the following?:

Trust (Coleman)
You are a medical student rotating in the Emergency Department. Your preceptor asks you go see Sasha, a 22 year-old woman with a chief concern of abdominal pain, who has just been roomed. You introduce yourself to the patient and her companion, Maricel, whom Sasha introduces as her friend. After a brief conversation, you kindly say to Sasha, "I'm glad you have Maricel here for support. I normally like to talk with patients and examine them alone, so in a minute I'd like to have you, Maricel, wait in the lobby, if that's OK with the two of you. Separating an adult (or older child) from a companion can help support a patient's autonomy. Which other ethical principle does this directly support?

Trust (Coleman)
A pillar of biomedical ethics is the concept of fidelity. In the context of medicine, fidelity is best described as which one of the following?

Urea (Ralle)
Which step of the urea cycle takes place inside the mitochondria?

Urea (Ralle)
Which two enzymes provide the ammonia that enters the urea cycle?

Urea (Ralle)
In the urea cycle, the first nitrogen comes from ammonia. Where does the second nitrogen in urea come from?

Anatomy
The thoracic cardiac nerves that pass through the cardiac plexus contain which type of nerve fibers?