Which of the following is not required for an experimental study?
Random sampling
Control group
Repeated measures
Control of the intervention
The purpose of control in a study design is to
Establish the credibility of the researcher
Highlight design flaws
Increase the probability that the results are true to reality
Interfere with the validity of the findings
In evaluating a correlations design as sound, one would look for all but which of the following?
Large sample
Low response rate of subjects
Sample representing all elements of the population
Wide range of values on each measure
Grades on a multiple choice final exam are an example of which level of measurement?
Ordinal
Interval
Nominal
Ratio
Which of the following is an example of random measurement error?
Actual measures smaller than True measure
Including elements of hope in a measure of self concept
Measuring blood sugar immediately after breakfast
Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer
Reliability is concerned with all but which of the following in relation to measurement?
Accuracy
Consistency of measurement
Homogeneity
Systematic error
What is the difference between the simple quasi-experimental protest-posttest design and experimental pretest-posttest design?
More groups are used in the experimental design.
Subjects are blind to group assignment in the experimental design.
There is no direct way to measure change in the quasi-experimental group.
In the experimental design, subjects are blinded to their protest scores.
A type l error occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it’s true
Type ll error occurs when the researcher regards the null hypothesis as true but it is false
The result indicate that there is a significant difference, when in reality there is not
Type l
Type ll
The results indicate there is no significant difference, when in reality there is a difference
Research utilization involves:
Communication of research findings.
Observing outcomes from changing practice.
Use of knowledge in practice
All of the above
Which of the following has not been identified as a barrier to using research knowledge in nursing practice?
Findings are communicated primarily to other researchers
Nursing studies have adequate replication
Practitioners often do not value research
Researcher originated studies often do not solve pressing clinical problems
Development of evidence based practice guidelines is a major focus of the
Agency of healthcare research and quality
Agency for nursing innovation
Best practices forum for healthcare providers
International clearinghouse for research findings
A critical appraisal should be a
Analysis of a study’s internal validity problems
Balanced appraisal of a study’s strengths and weaknesses
Criticism of researchers faulty decisions
Inventory of problems in the study
When critiquing qualitative research, it is important to
Analyze the researcher adherence to qualitative standards or investigation
Avoid comparison of the study with other published studies to prevent bias
Emphasize study strengths over weaknesses
Use the same approach for both qualitative and quantitative study critiques
A researcher is intellectually critiquing the publisher study of another researcher. Which of the following questions is not an appropriate question to ask when examining the study?
Can the study be replicated by other researchers?
Did the researchers use sound methodology?
Was the research problem significant?
What preparation did the researcher have to conduct the study?
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance and provides a measure of the average deviation of a value from the mean.
A two tailed test of significance results when the hypothesis is non directional
A type ll error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is not true
The range is obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score
Mode is average obtained when all numbers are added and divided by the number of variables or numbers
Inferential statistics are designed to address objectives, questions and hypothesis in a study
Generalization is the application of information that has been acquired from a specific instance to a general situation.
The median is the midpoint or score at the exact center of the ungrouped frequency
Measures of central tendency are the end points in the data and represents the average data
Statistical techniques are used to examine, reduce and give meaning to numerical data gathered by a researcher in a study.
The mean is the numerical value or score that occurs with greatest frequency
Measures of dispersion reflect individual differences
Outliers are those who chose not to participate in a research study because at risks out weighs the benefits
Limitations are restrictions or problem in a study that decrease the generalizability of the findings
Power is when the researcher manipulates and controls all of the independent variables
Another name for descriptive analysis :
Summary
Mean
Mode
Median
What would bimodel look like?
One curve
Two curve
Three curve
Four curve
What is the mode?
Least frequent variable/number
Most frequent variable/number
The middle number
Scatterplot is one measure of dispersion
All data will make it on normal curve
What symbol used to indicate level type l error
Power
Population
alpha
Mega
If you have 0.01 alpha value, what does it mean?
Mean there is 1 in 1000% chance of error
Means there is 1 in 100% chance of error
1 in 10% chance of error
1 in 5% chance of error
What are the 6 steps in data analysis?
Prepare data for analysis
Describe the sample
Test reliability of measurement methods
Conduct exploratory analysis
Conduct confirmatory analysis guided by hypothesis
Question or objectives
Conduct posthoc analysis
Reject questions or objectives
Define the mean
The sum of all scores multiples by the number of scores being summed
The sum of scores subtracted by the number of scores being summed
The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores being summed
What is the mode? 5 2 5 1 3 5 3 4
1
2
5
4
Determine the median- 1 4 7 10 11
7
10
11
What is the mean? 2 4 6 8 10
3
6
What is the most common used measure tenderness
Range
List at least 1 measure of dispersion (select all that apply)
Scatterplot
Standard deviation
Variance
Standardized scores
How do you calculate the standard deviation?
Square root of the variance
An inference is a conclusion or judgment based on evidence
Algorithms is self-contained step by step set of operations to be performed
Empirical generalization is based on accumulated evidence from many studies
When using a power analysis to determine an error, what is the minimum score to detect and error?
0.1 minimum
0.6 minimum
0.8 minimum
1 minimum
Define probability and what symbol is used to represent probability?
Probability theory is used to explain the extent of a relationship, the probability that an event will occur in a given situation. Deductive (Top-down) and expressed as a lower case p. Probability is usually expected to be p<0.05
Probability explains no relationship
Probability is a capital P
Unknown answer is given.
What does tailedness imply?
Lower scores are given
An extreme score can occur in either tail of the normal curve. The data stems toward one end of the spectrum. In a one-tailed test, the hypothesis is directional and vice versa in a two tailed test.
No answer implies
A causality is a cause and effect relationship between the variables
Independent variable (X) causes Y (a change in the dependent variable)
A multicausality has multiple independent variables causing a change in the dependent variable
There is a cause and effect relationship between interrelating variables
Causality
Multicausality
Bias
Control
Slanting of findings away from the truth
Research designs should reduce likelihood of bias and control for it
Manipulation is done only in quasi-experimental and experimental designs
Implementation of a treatment/intervention & independent variables are controlled
Manipulation
Example of direct measure includes
Pain
Depression
Coping
Oxygen
Example of indirect measure includes
O2 saturation
Temperature
It is the extent to which an instrument reflects the concept being examined
Reliability
Validity
Systematic review is a narrowly focused synthesis of research findings from quantitative studies
Multiple primary qualitative studies to produce a narrative about a selected phenomenon
Meta-analysis
Meta-summaries
Systematic review
