False gram negatives can be due to - and faults such as and over
Quality control for Grams include - ❌, ❌ and ❌ for Gram positives, and ❌ and ❌ for Gram Negatives.
Histopathological features of Mycobacteria includes ❌ for Tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are considered ❌, but most are ❌. They can be identified by using the ❌ stain
Mycobacterium and Nocardia have unusual ❌ that are waxy and nearly ❌ due to the presence of ❌
❌ is resistant to acid-alcohol, whilst ❌ is resistant to acid. M. Tuberculosis is stained by the ❌ whilst M. Leprae stains with the ❌
Filamentous bacteria with a beaded and branching morphology includes and . They are both Gram positive, however, are Fite negative, whilst is Fite positive.
Ziehl Neelsen controls include and .
Helicobacter Pylori is able to survive in the stomach because it produces pH neutralising Ammonia
Helicobacter Pylori can cause ❌, ❌, ❌ and ❌.
Staining of Helicobacter Pylori includes ❌, which is a difficult silver stain to do. ❌, and ❌ (usually has dark background).
Increased incidence of mycoses can be due to ❌ (due to HIV disease and ❌). Histopathology is important to diagnose fungi because ❌ may nit be available for several days or weeks, and some ❌ may not culture.
Some fungi like ❌ and ❌ stain well on H&E. ❌ are easy to see, whilst many ❌ stain poorly.
Morphologies of fungi includes ❌ for ❌ like ❌, and ❌ for ❌.
Fungi stains like ❌ is pseudofungi positive. It is quick and easy to do, but ❌ and Nocardia and ❌ does not stain well.
❌ is high contrast with minimal background, stains both ❌ and non-viable ❌ elements. ❌ are unsustained, and ❌ do not stain.
Pseudo-fungi look like fungi on H&E and ❌. Fibrin, ❌, exogenous fibres and bacteria. PAS positive but ❌ negative. Sometimes can be Perls and Von Kossa ❌.
Pseudo-fungi includes Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies that look like ❌, and Gamna-Gandy bodies and small branching ❌ that look like ❌.
❌ are the most common ❌ mould infection. They produce ❌ and Use the Yasue's silver nitrate-rubeanic acid method.
neoformans use Alcian blue and Mucicarmine for mucopolysaccharide rich capsule. Masson Fontana for -like substance in capsule form.
Histoplasma capsulatum are tiny, intracellular observed within . differentiates Histoplasma capsulatum () from Leishmania and toxoplasma (both ).
In Ziehl Neelsen, acid fast bacteria stains , whilst non acid-fast stains
Pneumocystis carinii are invisible with both H&E and ❌. But are best shown with ❌ and STB
In order to compare true fungi and pseudo-fungi, we must confirm a positive ❌ with a ❌ classical GMS (using chromic acid oxidation). ❌ of pseudo-fungi might be caused by ❌ sectionsin the methenamine silver solution. Compare with surrounding ❌. In some cases, ❌ staining can be useful.
Hemozoin is a ❌ formed due to a parasite's inability to ❌ ❌. This is usually ❌ and found in ❌ parasites.
Apart from electron microscopy and assuming good specific is available, is best for demonstrating viruses such as and BK virus.
