What is the correct statement about the dorsal column?
It is stimulated by crude touch and pressure
Receptors on Golgi tendon organ is stimulated within the muscle spindle
It is stimulated by pain and temperature
Alpha-motoneuron goes to the extrafusal fibers
Has two points discrimination
Where does neurogenesis take place?
Hippocampus
Spinal cord
Frontal lobe
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is:
Lesion of ventral hypothalamus
Loss of fear as well as hypersexuality
Calmness
Increased emotional expression
Lesion to hippocampus
What is the major role of the astrocytes?
Produce myelination of the axons
Protection of neurons and production of enzymatic CSF
Support of neural cells
Interconnecting the neurons
Produce the blood-brain barrier
What is the definition of the RP (receptor potential)?
“All or none” principle
Amplitude increase with increased intensity of stimulus
Frequency increase with increased intensity of stimulus
Amplitude decrease with increased intensity of stimulus
Frequency decrease with increased intensity of stimulus
What is the correct definition of declarative (explicit) memory?
Memory not involving the hippocampus
Not associated with consciousness (awareness)
Associated with consciousness (awareness)
Associated with skills and habits
Divided into associative and non-associative learning
What structures passes through the medial brainstem?
Cerebral peduncle
Reticular formation
Dorsal column
Substantia nigra
What is typical for Alzheimer’s disease?
Remembering new events (short-term memory) and forgetting former events
The number of neurons is intact but the mediators for these are destroyed
Neurofibrillary tangles inside the neurons caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau
Poor long term memory, but intact short term memory
Neurons are intact but destruction of synapses
Which senses are carried through the dorsal column?
Pain and temperature
Crude touch and pressure
Fine touch, space localization and pressure
Vibration and pressure
Itching and fine touch
The reticular formation:
Controls voluntary movement
Controls involuntary movements
Controls levels of consciousness
Determine whether stimulus is important enough to wake up
Is located in the primary motor cortex
What is true for mirror neurons?
Implicated in voluntary movement
Located in parieto-occipital lobe
Fire when observing someone else perform a movement
Responsible only for emotion recognition
All above are correct
Reflex arc of inverse stretch reflex:
Afferent fibers are 1b fibers
Contracted muscle contracted, antagonist muscle relaxed
Contain four elements
Protects the body from injury
Is a monosynaptic reflex
Which hormones inhibit the hunger center in the brain?
Ghrelin
Melanin
Neuropeptide Y
B-endorphins
Leptin
The dynamic part of the stretch reflex is responsible for:
Maintaining the muscle tone as a static response
Rapid muscle contraction to oppose sudden changes in muscle length
Stretching the muscle halfway
A weak or slow muscle contraction
Rapid response due to changes in primary endings on nuclear chain fibers
Neurotrophins are:
Produced by neurons during neuron degeneration
Proteins produced by glial cells and inflammatory cells
Large proteins that maintain function and growth of neurons
Cannot induce differentiation of progenitor cells to form neurons
Secreted predominantly outside the target tissues
What is a function of the cerebellum?
Detect fine touch and pressure
Process sensory information from the periphery
Process information from thermoreceptors
Process and send signals to regulate movement
Takes part in the direct pathway of voluntary movement
What is the function of intrafusal fibers?
Detect change in length of extrafusal fibers
Transmit signals via alpha fibers
Have no important role in the muscle contraction
Responsible for contractibility of a muscle
Make up a large amount of skeletal (striated) muscle
Pyramidal tract transmits through:
Alpha motoneuron
Gamma motoneuron
Intermediate neuron
Sensory neuron
Inhibitory interneuron
REM sleep is referred with:
Sleep where memories can be remembered during
Sleep where dreams cannot be recalled
Deep, restful sleep
Increased muscle tone and decreased heart rate
Eye movement are at a minimum
Hormones that excite satiety (feeling full) is:
Leptin, Ghrelin, POMC, CART
Leptin, CCK, POMC, Oxytocin
Neuropeptide Y, Orexins A and B, Melanin
B-endorphins, CCK, CRH, Oxytocin, Leptin
Neuropeptide Y, Glucagon, GLP-1, GLP-2
Things that activate cold receptors (things that make you hot) are:
Sweat evaporation
Increased apatite
Cutaneous vasodilation
Decreased rate of physical activity
Increased thirst
The amygdaloidal body is responsible for:
Skills and habits
Endocrine system
Creating negative feelings like rage and fear
Controlling the pain gate system
Creating positive feelings like euphoria
Which statement about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is correct?
It is absorbed by the choroid plexus
Its absorption is independent of CSF pressure
It circulates in the epidural space
It has a lower glucose concentration than plasma
It has a higher protein concentration than plasma
Which statement about REM sleep is correct?
Is also called paradoxical sleep
Regular EEG waves
Dreams cannot be recalled
Decreased heart rate and respiration
REM sleep duration decreases with each sleep cycle
The reward system is connected with:
Posterior hypothalamus
The cholinergic system
The dopaminergic system
Involvement of entorhinal cortex
Ventral tegmentum and dorsal midbrain
The pain gate:
Glutamate and Substance P close the gate
Is independent on enkephalinergic system
Is independent on endorphin system
Enkephalin close the pain gate in the spinal cord
Is closed by both non-painful input and painful input
Conditioned reflexes are evoked under which conditions?
Unconditioned stimulus repeated many times
Conditioned stimulus repeated many times
Unconditioned and conditioned stimulus paired many times
Conditioned stimulus present enough without unconditioned stimulus
An external input is present
Which of the following statements about the prefrontal, association area is correct?
Planning of voluntary movement and prediction
Area for language comprehension
Area for visual language (reading)
Role in behavior, emotions and motivation
Analysis of spatial coordination
Lesion to the upper motor neurons leads to?
Decreased reflexes
Spasticity
Flaccid paralysis
Negative Babinski sign
Decreased muscle tone
Oscillation of muscles
Parkinson’s disease:
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
Symptoms include rigidity and decreased muscle tone
Loss of cholinergic receptors
Rapid movements
Repeat of trinucleotide CAG on chromosome 4
What is correct about cerebellum?
It compares movement intended with actual movements
It controls posture and equilibrium
Lesion leads to hypertonicity
Control muscle contraction
All answers are correct
Cerebellum:
Initiate movements
Directly stimulate thalamus
“Decodes” the sensory signals
Regulation of muscle tone and spinal reflexes
Lesion to upper margin of pons will:
Change the regulation of brain activity
Result in loss of consciousness
Effect the reticular activation system
Increase muscle tone by increased signals to gamma motoneurons
Decreased muscle tone by increased signals to gamma motoneurons
Which is true concerning delta waves in EEG?
Appear at consciousness
Could be registered selectively from hippocampus
Appear in deep sleep
Represent sleep spindles
Are characterized by high amplitude and high frequency
Are characterized by low amplitude and high frequency
Which statement regarding REM sleep is correct?
Constitutes of 4 stages
Is characterized by sleep spindles
Is important for consolidation of memory
Is characterized by increased muscle tone and theta waves
In adults occupies 80% of whole sleep
During voluntary movement, the golgi tendon organ provides the central nervous system with information about:
The length of the muscle being moved
The velocity of the movement
The blood flow to the muscle being moved
The tension developed by the muscle being moved
The change in joint angle produced by the movement
Repetitive stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber will cause an increased contractile strength because repetitive stimulation causes an increase in:
The duration of cross bridge cycling
The concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasm
The magnitude of the end plate potential
The number of muscle myofibrils generating tension
The velocity of the muscle contraction
Conduction aphasia is likely to be associated with a lesion of the:
Wernicke’s area 22
Parietal lobe
Arcuate fasciculus
Corticospinal tract
Most important role of gamma-motoneurons is to:
Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract
Maintain Ia afferent activity during contraction of muscle
Generate activity in Ib afferent fibers
Detect the length of resting skeletal muscle
Prevent muscles from producing too much force
Transmission through the anterolateral pathway ultimately ends up in the:
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex
Somatosensory cortex SI and SII
Posterior parietal cortex
Kluver-Bucy syndrome will give what symptoms?
Diminished fear
Loss in apatite
Better memory recollection
Loss of balance
Increased ability to identify familiar objects or people
Final common pathway is another term for?
Higher motor neurons
Lower motor neurons
Effector organs
Integration center
Renshaw cells
Role of mirror neurons?
Fire when performing a voluntary task
Activated when watching someone perform ask
Is responsible for emotion recognition in other people
Can be found in the frontal or parietal lobe
All are correct
What characterizes alpha waves?
Have the highest frequency waves
They appear when studying for a test
They appear when you close your eyes
They appear only during deep sleep
They appear when awake and open eyes
What is the main reason for Huntington’s disease?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
Repeat of trinucleotide CAG on chromosome 5
Repeat of trinucleotide CAT on chromosome 4
Increased Cholinergic and GABA release
Decrease in GABAergic and cholinergic release
An abnormal Babinski reflex indicates damage to the:
Brainstem
Basal ganglia
Pyramids
Which fibers contract in the myotatic reflex?
Extrafusal muscle fibers
Intrafusal muscle fibers
Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chain fibers
Alpha fibers
What is the name of the phenomenon of “referred pain”?
Hyperalgesia
Dermatome theory
Alternate theory
Facilitation
Stereognosis
Which part of the brain is responsible for mathematical calculation and fact numbers?
Frontal and occipital
Frontal and parietal
Temporal and frontal
Temporal and parietal
Parietal and occipital
Lesion to upper motor neuron:
Loss of involuntary movement
Increased muscle tone
Fasciculation
All of the following are symptoms of cerebellar lesion except:
Rigidity
Nystagmus
Ataxia
Adiadochokinesia
Intention tremor
The majority of fibers from the thalamus goes toward the:
Association cortex
Reticular nuclei
Primary somatosensory cortex
Which structure is not at the level of the medulla oblongata?
Cuneate nucleus
Abducent nucleus
Red nucleus
Facial nucleus
What are the steps involved in the inverse stretch reflex?
Golgi tendon monosynaptic pathway contracted muscle stretched and antagonist muscle relaxed
Free nerve endings polysynaptic pathway inhibition of extensor and stimulation of flexor
Muscle spindle monosynaptic pathway extrafusal muscle fibers are stimulated
Golgi tendon disynaptic pathway contracted muscle relaxed and antagonist muscle contracted
Left hemisphere lesion is mainly responsible for:
Good feelings such as euphoria
Language disorder and depression
Loss of visualization of shapes and vision
Loss of sensation from the left side of the body
Less identification of form of objects and faces
Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for controlling the normal circadian rhythm?
Paraventricular nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Lateral nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Decerebrate rigidity:
Happens during Parkinson’s disease, when reduced inhibition by dopamine causes excitation of vestibular nuclei
Transsection of the brain stem at the medulla oblongata
Will cause increased muscle tone
Happens when descending signals to gamma motoneurons is increased which increases muscle tone
Is due to lesion of the upper pons and increased sensory sensitivity
Neurogenesis means:
That stem cells in the olfactory bulb can grow into new nerve cells
That stem cells in the hippocampus are involved in memory
That neurons are produced by neural stem cells
Glial cells can be produced and some new cells go through apoptosis
All correct
Which of the following statements is correct regarding neurotrophins?
NGF attaching to p75NT and Trk A prevents apoptosis
NGF attaching to p75NT and Trk A promotes cell survival
Neurotrophins are transported back from target nucleus by anterograde transport
Neurotrophins belongs to a large protein family
Neurotrophic receptors can be either p65 or Trk family
Plasticity means:
Topographical representation changes with experience
Sensory neurons to cortex can change with usage
Functions of different parts can change as needed
Sensory unit connections to cerebral cortex stays the same without use
Synaptic receptors become more sensitive
Cutting which of the following fibers can cause spastic paralysis?
Corticospinal fibers
Vestibulospinal fibers
Reticulospinal fibers
Spinothalamic fibers
Ia afferent fibers
Corticoreticular fibers
The center of the reward system is the:
Ventral tegmentum
Dorsal brain stem
Nucleus accumbens
Dorsal midbrain
The sympathetic system involves:
Bronchiole dilation
Erection
Pupil constriction
Accommodation for short vision
Decreased heart rate
What is true about operant conditioning?
Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
Involve reward and punishment
The animal can learn from looking at other animal’s behavior
Animal learns skills by habituation
Is a type of non-associative learning
Mass reflex can involve the following symptom:
Hypotonicity
Dysdiadochokinesia
Two-point discrimination
Profuse sweating
None of the above
The role of the intrafusal fibers:
Located in the tendon, together with the tendon organ
Stretch of the central part of the muscle spindle following stimulation of gamma motoneurons
Innervated by alpha and contracted following stimulation of these neurons
Stimulated together with extrafusal muscle fibers
Only make up nuclear bag fibers
The major role of oligodendrocytes in the body is:
Absorption of CSF
Protection of nerves
Blood-brain barrier
Nourishment
None of the mentioned
Mass reflex can involve which of the following?
Loss of muscle tone
Muscle hypotrophy
Incontinence of urine
Referred pain is caused by:
Same dermatome origin
What does the anterolateral pathway transmit?
Fine touch sensation
Crude touch and temperature
Sensation from two points at once
Vibration and pressure sensation
Kinesthesia sensation
What is characteristic for transmission in the anterolateral pathway?
High velocity
Only temperature and pain is transmitted
Precise localization of sensation
Highly discrete localization is not required
Large, myelinated fibers
The precentral gyrus and corticospinal tract are essential for:
Vision
Olfaction
Auditory identification
Kinesthesia
Voluntary movement
During normal voluntary movement:
Large muscle fibers are recruited before small muscle fibers
Fast muscle fibers are recruited before slow muscle fibers
Weak muscle fibers are recruited before strong muscle fibers
Poorly perfused muscle fibers are recruited before richly perfused muscle fibers
Anaerobic fibers are recruited before aerobic fibers
Norepinephrine will cause the contraction of the smooth muscle in the:
Bronchioles
Arterioles
Pupils
Intestine
Ciliary body
The alpha rhythm appearing on an electroencephalogram has which of the following characteristics?
It produces 20 to 30 waves per second
It is replaced by slower, larger waves during REM sleep
It represents activity that is most pronounced in the frontal region of the brain
It disappears when patient’s eyes open
It is associated with deep sleep
Correct statement regarding rapid eye movement (REM) sleep include which of the following?
It is the first stage of sleep entered when a person falls asleep
It is accompanied by loss of skeletal muscle tone
It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rate
It occurs more often in adults than in children
It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep
What nerve fibers transmit the thermal stimulus of heat and cold?
C-fibers
C-fibers and Ia fibers
Ib fibers
C-fibers and type III (A-delta fibers)
B-fibers
Reticular formation of brain stem is in charge of:
O2 consumption, respiration, temperature, circadian rhythm
Osmolarity, volume of extracellular fluid, glucose, appetite
Sequencing of movement, spatial-temporal relation
Secretion of glucocorticoids, catecholamines, dopamine, vasopressin
Heart rate, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, swallowing
Stimulation input from descending part of the reticular formation is known to produce:
Contraction of IF, contraction of SM
Stretch of IF, relaxation of SM
Stimulation of GP, relaxation of SM
Relaxation of IF, contraction of SM
Stretch of IF, contraction of SM
Which receptor is connected with addiction?
D2 receptors
D3 receptors
5HT2 receptors
5-HT receptors
Serotonin receptors
Lesion to what causes past-pointing, drunken and intention tremor?
Hypothalamus
Precentral gyrus
Neocortex
Hyperkinetic disorder symptoms:
Akinesia
Ballism
Bradykinesia
Plasticity as a symptom include:
Abnormal absence of movement
Purposeless contractions that produce shaking
Resistance to passive stretch
Facilitation as a symptom include:
Rapid involuntary eye movements
Lack of coordination
Disturbance of equilibrium
Increased activity of the SNS causes:
Bronchiolar dilation
Ciliary muscle contraction
Presynaptic inhibition in the CNS affects the firing rate of alpha motoneurons by:
Increasing the chloride permeability of the presynaptic nerve ending
Decreasing the potassium permeability of the alpha motoneuron
Decreasing the frequency of action potentials by the presynaptic nerve ending
Increasing (hyperpolarizing) the membrane potential of the alpha motoneuron
Increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic nerve ending
Adrenergic receptors located in the heart are types of:
M2 receptors
M3 receptors
Beta-1 receptors
Alpha-1 receptors
Alpha-2 receptors
An aphasia is most likely to be associated with a lesion of:
The hippocampus
The parietal lobe
The temporal lobe
The limbic system
The reticular formation
RAS is responsible for the following except:
Pain
Visual
Olfactory
Consciousness
Speech
Increased activity of the PNS causes:
Increased heart rate
Ciliary muscle dilation
Increased sweating
Flexor withdrawal reflex is:
Responsible for monosynaptic excitation of ipsilateral homonymous muscle
Responsible for polysynaptic excitation of contralateral extensors
The same as inverse myotatic reflex
Responsible for increase in gamma-motoneuron activity
Responsible for disynaptic inhibition of ipsilateral extensors
Autogenic inhibition is related to:
Ia fibers in muscle spindle
Ib fibers in golgi tendon
Type II (A-beta fibers)
Type III (A-delta fibers)
Lesion of UMN leads to:
Loss of voluntary activity
Spinal reflex hyperactivity
Babinski sign
Lesion of LMN leads to:
No transmission of growth factor
Which pathway is a descending efferent pathway?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
Anterior corticospinal tract
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Free nerve endings contain receptors that encode the sensation of:
Fine touch
Vibration
Pressure
Temperature
Muscle length
Which pathway is an ascending afferent pathway?
Lateral corticospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Which one of the following hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for the detection of the core body temperature?
The lateral hypothalamus
The arcuate nucleus
The anterior hypothalamus
The paraventricular nucleus
The posterior nucleus
The sympathetic response in a “fight or flight” reaction causes a decrease in:
The arterial blood pressure
The diameter of the pupil
The resistance of the airways
The heart rate
The blood glucose concentration
