What are the two most important reasons for the spread of plant pathogens?

List four ways that global warming will affect vector-bourne disease

In what decade began the pole-ward shift of pests?

List 3 caveats to the pole-ward shift of pathogens

Why do countries at greater latitudes have to increase surveillence?

Why will rate of mortality also increase in pathogens due to global warming?

Give an example of which warmer winters will negatively effect the parasite and where will this occur?

Give an example of which global warming will positively effects pests and where will this occur?

When are ewes most susceptible to blow fly strike and why?

How can the susceptibility of blowfly strike be reduced?

Why are lambs more susceptible to blow fly strike after sheering?

What effect does global warming have on the presence of blowfly?

What can be done to prevent earlier blow fly strikes?

How does the medium risk model predict prevalence of malaria in 2050?

How does the high-risk model predict outcome of malaria in 2050?

List 3 animals affected by bluetongue

List 5 symptoms of bluetongue

List four outcomes of BT

What cells of the sheep does the virus infect intitially?

After replication where does the virus relocate to?

After that, where does the virus infect and replicate?

What is meant by the term extrinsic incubation period?

How is the blue-tongue spread?

What type of virus is BTV?

How many RNA segments does BTV have?

What 3 structure make up the viral shell?

What structural proteins make up the outercapsid and determine the serotype?

How many serotypes of BTV are there?

What process can cause antigenic shift in BTV?

Name three species of culicoide midges and where they are distrubuted

What enzyme largely controls the time between blood meal and a new infection?

What is the optimum temp for this enzyme?

What happens to the course of infection over winter?

What is the name given to the emergence of parasitism after its disruption during winter?

Where and when was BTV first described?

What year and where was the non-African outbreak?

Before 2005, what was the most severe outbreak of BTV in southern Europe?

What 5 serotypes are present around the Mediterranean basin?

What was the traditional vector for BTV?

What species were isolated from traps in Italy?

Which countries successfully implemented a vaccine against which strain of BTV?

What serotype caused the first ever outbreak in northern europe and where?

How was this outbreak stopped?

Give 2 reasons thought to be the cause for the BTV-8 outbreak?

What event occurred that lead to a new outbreak of BTV in June 2007?

What was the economical burden of the BTV?

What allowed UK to be declared BTV-8 free in 2008?

Give four reasons why the BTV-8 outbreak was so disastrous

List two other diseases spread by cullicoides