According to rationalism, experience is required for knowledge.
Heraclitus is a rationalist.
Empiricism is the view that God does not exist.
He is regarded as the first philosopher.
Heraclitus
Pythagoras
Socrates
None of the above
Which of the following philosophers are empiricists?
Parmenides
All of the above
He held that everything is being, that nothing changes.
Thales
He held that all is water.
He held that everything is fire.
He held that everything is in a constant state of flux/change
Who said you cannot step twice in the same river?
Plato is a rationalist.
According to Plato, if you believe something is true and it is true, then you know that it's true.
According to Plato, knowledge is true belief plus?
an account
the logos
the reason/rational explanation
None of the above. Knowlege is nothing more than true belief.
Epistmology is
the view that all knowledge comes through reason
the view that all knowledge comes through experience
In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners
see only the shadows of things, not the things themselves.
believe they know what reality is like.
don't know they are prisoners
are just like us.
All of the above.
"Does God exist?" is
an ethical question.
an epistemological question.
an ontological question.
The inside of the cave represents
the world of appearance.
the empirical world
a world in a constant state of flux.
On Plato's view,
although the forms are not physical, they may be seen with physical eyes.
although the forms are not mental, they exist only in they mind.
forms are more real than physical objects.
Plato's view is a dualist view because
he had two personalities.
he famously beat Heraclitus in a duel.
he had only two beliefs: Socrates is a man and Socrates is mortal.
he believed in two kinds of things, material things and nonmaterial things
According to Plato,
The thing that is the most real is The Good.
There are two utlimate realities, The Good and The Bad.
There are three ultimate realities, The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly.
Nothing is real. There's nothing to get hung about.
Why is Socrates on trial?
For molesting young boys.
For plagiarizing Plato's ideas.
For corrupting the youth of Athens through philosophy.
Who tries to convince Socrates to escape from prison?
Plato
Plato's little sister Denise
Socrates' young friend Crito
Alexander the Great
Socrates rejects the reasons in favor of escaping. Why does he reject the reasons given?
The reasons given concern the physical concequences of leaving.
According to Socrates, the reasons given don't have anything to do with whether it is right to leave.
According to Socrates, the physical consequences, those that are known empirically, are not relevent to what is right.
Socrates believes that if he leaves, he will be breaking his just agreement with the state. How does he know that breaking just agreements is wrong?
Whenever he has broken his just agreements in the past and when he has observed others breaking their just agreements, the consequences have always been bad.
He knows it empirically.
He knows it by reason alone.
None of the above.
In the Symposium love is defined as the desire always to possess The Good. What is The Good, according to the view that Socrates learned?
It varies from person to person.
It varies from culture to culture
Anything a person cares for deeply.
On Plato's view, beautiful objects in the physical world are only shadows of beauty itself.
Beauty itself is not physical.
Beauty itself, like justice itself, is a form, an immaterial object and therefore can be perceived only by reason, not by the senses.
On Plato's view, true beauty is in the eye of the beholder so that what is truely beautiful is just a matter of opinion.
Like Plato's Allegory of the Cave, which represents the process of enlightenment whereby one turns from the less real to the more real, Plato's ladder of love represents the pursuit of love to be an assent from what is less real to what is more real.
If an argument is valid, then
its conclusion must be true.
if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
its premises are all true
1. If God exists, then all is well. All is not well Therefore God does not exist
The above argument is:
Valid
Invalid
The above argument is an example of
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Denying the antecedent
Affirming the consequent
Which of the following is true
If an argument is valid, all its premises are true
If an argument is sound, it is also valid
If an argument is valid, it is also sound
Which of the following is true?
If an argument is an example of denying the antecedent, its conclusion is always false
If an argument is sound, its conclusion is true
If an argument is an example of Modus Ponens its conclusion is always true
Different cultures have different moral standards is
descriptive
prescriptive
Ethical Relativism is descriptive
If different cultures have different moral standards, then Ethical Relativism is true.
If Ethical Relativism is true, when a culture changes its morals, the change is neither moral progress nor moral decline.
If something is the case, then it ought to be the case.
If a statement is prescriptive,
it is merely a matter of opinion
it is descriptive
it is normative
If Ethical Relativism is true, then one's culture is always by definition right
If Ethical Relativism is true, a moral reformer who seeks to reform a culture's morals is always by definition wrong.
The consensus among philosophers is that Ethical Relativism is
1. If candy is dandy, then liquor is quicker Candy is dandy Therefore liquor is quicker.
The above argument is
There really is a difference between good reasoning and bad
Aristotle was Socrates' teacher.
1. Plato and Aristotle disagreed over
how to divide Socrates' vast estate
whether Jesus was the Jewish messiah
the nature of forms
the nature of sexual desire
Aristotle believed that the forms are in material objects, not that material objects are mere shadows of immaterial forms.
According to Epicurus, we should do what reason says, even if doing so makes everyone unhappy.
Epicurus was a materialist.
The Stoics were like Plato in that they believed in the use of reason over emotion, but they were unlike Plato in that they were ontological materialists.
Philo lived
at about the same time as Plato and Aristotle
at about the same time as Epicurus
at about the same time as Jesus and Paul
All of the above. Philo lived a very long life.
For Plato, The Good is a non-personal entity to be contemplated.
For Justin Martyr, The Good is God, a person to be worshipped, not merely to be contemplated.
Philo tried to synthesize Greek philosophy with the Hebrew scriptures.
Justin Martyr tried to synthesize Greek and Hebrew thought with Christianity.
Both of the above
Why does Descartes set out to doubt everything?
He had grown angry and bitter towards God.
To prove that nothing can be known.
To build a foundation for scientific knowledge.
To build a foundation that helps needy philosophers.
Rationalism is the view that all knowledge comes through reason, not though sensory experience.
Even though he knows the senses are known deceivers, Descartes is still an empiricist.
1. On what grounds does Descartes doubt even immediate empirical judgments such as, "I am seated here now"?
He drank too much and began to doubt everything.
He might be dreaming
He doesn't doubt it: it's his first truth, something that cannot be doubted.
The main conclusion of the wax example is that the senses are known deceivers.
According to Descartes, physical bodies are perceived by reason alone.
According to Descartes, the mind is identical to the brain.
1. Descartes observes that he can doubt the existence of his body, but that he cannot doubt the existence of his soul. What conclusion does he draw from this?
The senses are known deceivers
There might be an evil genius
The body is not identical to the soul.
Descartes thinks he has shown the falsity of the supposition that an evil genius exists by proving that a perfect being exists, one who is not a deceiver.
Our ideas of primary properties correctly represent the world.
Our ideas of secondary properties do not represent the world. They are the result of causal powers in objects that produce these ideas in us.
Why is it important philosophically for Descartes to argue that God exists?
He felt very vulnerable all alone in the cabin while he was engaging in his meditations, and he needed the comfort of knowing someone was watching out for him.
To write a book that did not prove God’s existence would have made Descartes a criminal in the eyes of the law.
If a perfect God exists, then the Evil Genius does not.
Descartes argues against the idea of a perfect being so that, being himself imperfect, he might feel better about himself.
How does Descartes argue that God exists?
He came up with the famous statement, Credo, Biblio, Veritas (The Bible says it, I believe it, and that settles it).
He argues that the perfect functioning of the material world provides evidence of a perfect intelligent designer.
He begins with only the ideas in his mind, since that is all he can be certain of at that point
Does Descartes believe he has the idea of perfection?
Yes. That is the only way he could know that he, himself, is imperfect.
No. He has no idea of perfection and that is how he knows that he himself is perfect.
Our ideas of secondary properties, such as our idea of red, do not resemble anything in the object that produce the ideas in us.
Though Descartes believes in his own existence as well as God’s, he does not believe in a material world, even at the end.
Does Descartes know that he, himself, is imperfect?
Yes. Because he doubts, he knows he is imperfect.
No. He doubts very much that he is imperfect, since only a perfect being could have discovered The Cogito.
Blue and yellow are primary properties, while yellow is a secondary property.
Because he believes the senses are known deceivers, Descartes is an empiricist.
Like Descartes, John Locke is a rationalist.
What does it mean to say that we are born a tabula rasa?
We are born with innate ideas.
The same thing as cogito ergo sum.
We are born without any ideas.
Although Locke believes that all knowledge comes through experience, he doesn't believe that we actually experience the world, only our ideas of the world.
Ockham's Razor is
The sword that killed the empiricist Ockham.
a principle Locke uses to show that empiricism is superior to rationalism
a principle that says, "your argument cuts both ways".
an argument in favor of innate ideas
According to Locke, some of our ideas correctly represent the world and some do not.
According to Locke, the idea of identity is a simple idea.
Which of the following ideas do not correctly represent the world?
Our idea of red.
Our idea of pain.
our idea of the sweet taste of sugar.
None of the ideas above correctly represent the world, according to Locke.
Locke believes our idea of red does not correctly represent reality because he believes the senses are known deceivers.
Descartes thought we could perceive the world directly, while Locke thinks the only thing we perceive directly are the ideas in our mind.
When Locke talks about abstract ideas, he means those ideas that the enlightened person achieves when he or she has turned away from the empirical world.
Which of the following ideas are innate, according to Locke?
Our idea of substance.
Our idea of identity
1. Our idea of substance, according to Locke, is
obscure, not clear.
an idea of something, but he knows not what.
an idea of something that supports or stands under the qualities of a thing,
and really is the thing in which all the properties inhere.
Locke believes that our idea of identity is formed when we experience an idea, for example, the idea of a pink ball, and then experience that same idea again, and then compare the two ideas in our mind and perceive that they are the same.
Locke believes that the mind and body are distinct substances that are only contingently related, that the body is a material substance and the mind is immaterial.
According to Locke, a person is an immaterial substance and so personal identity is nothing more than the continued existence of the same immaterial substance.
When Locke uses the word "man" such as when he considers what it is to be the same man through time, the word "man" means, human. It is a term that refers to whatever biologists refer to when they refer to humans.
On Locke's view, all humans are persons.
On Locke's view, all persons are humans.
Locke says that a rational parrot should be called a man or a human.
According to Locke, our idea of a person is not the idea of an immaterial substance but the idea of a thinking intelligent being with self-awareness.
