biocore final exam

Same permeability

less permeable

more permeable

an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis

an animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle

a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

a plant cell in metaphase

a bacterial cell dividing

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid

diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid

tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

cytosines is always the same as adenines

purines is always larger than the number of pyrimidines

purines is always the same as pyrimidines

guanines is always the same as thymines

pyrimidines is always larger than purines

No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype.

One allele was dominant.

Each allele affected phenotypic expression.

The traits blended together during fertilization.

mitosis and meiosis I

mitosis and meiosis II

meiosis II only

meiosis I only

Mitosis only

twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA.

half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.

the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

Sexual reproduction

Mutation

Asexual reproduction

meiosis I

Mitosis and meiosis II

Meiosis II

Mitosis

are smaller

are more structurally complex

do not have membranes

are larger

40

80

10

20

It is impossible to tell from the information given.

bind the sigma subunit that is associated with RNA polymerase

signal the initiation site

attach the correct nucleotide triphosphate to the template DNA strand

separate the two DNA strands

The primary structure of RNA is fundamentally different than the primary structure of DNA.

The phosphate groups of RNA are much more reactive than the phosphate groups of DNA.

The bases of RNA are much more reactive than the bases of DNA.

The sugar of RNA is much more reactive than the sugar of DNA.

The cell had multiple S phases before it entered mitosis.

The cell underwent repeated cytokinesis but no mitosis.

The cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur.

The cell underwent repeated mitosis with simultaneous cytokinesis.

Eukarya

Fungi

Animalia

Protista

Archaea

I

II

III

IV

V

normal growth and cell function

the phase between DNA replication and the M phase

the beginning of mitosis

the phase in which DNA is being replicated

100%

25%

about 66%

50%

33%

The process occurred at black smokers, in the atmosphere and oceans, or in outer space.

During polymerization reactions, hydrolysis was completed with condensation.

Kinetic energy was transformed into chemical energy.

Acid-base reactions resulted in the formation of large, complex organic molecules.

cytokinesis

Binary fission

the formation of kinetochores

cloning

nitrogen

sulfur

phosphorus

carbon

formation of the centrioles

chromatid assembly

the S phase of the cell cycle

the structure of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes

complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases

twisting of the molecule to form an α-helix

sugar-phosphate backbone

three-component structure of the nucleotides

after they have traveled 7 m from the food source

after they have traveled 4 m from the food source

after they have traveled 3 m from the food source

as soon as they leave the food source

It is the active site of this ribozyme.

It attaches to the amino acid.

It stabilizes the tRNA-amino acid complex.

It base pairs with a codon of mRNA

codominant

recessive

incomplete dominant

dominant

elongation of microtubules

shortening of microtubules

nuclear envelope breakdown

cell wall formation

formation of a cleavage furrow

enter G1 from mitosis

pass the G2 checkpoint

synthesize cyclin-dependent kinases

activate DNA repair mechanisms

9/16

3/4

1/16

1/2

1/8

Peas and other domestic plants are unsuited for studies of inheritance, but wild plants are perfectly suited.

Animals use one set of rules for inheritance, while plants use a different set.

Mitosis is only typical in vertebrates. Meiosis is only typical in invertebrates.

The two major hypotheses of the time were blending inheritance and inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Self-fertilization is the rule in plants, while cross-fertilization is the rule in animals.

The strands of the double helix are complementary.

It has the same number of purines and pyrimidines.

DNA always goes from 5 prime to 3 prime.

The nitrogenous bases are located on the inside of the double helix.

Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.

In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of plants and fungi.

Sexual reproduction requires that parents be diploid.

8

4

32

16

2

structure of cilia

structure of the nucleus

structure of chloroplasts

ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems

near universality of the genetic code

M

G1

S

G0

G2

They should be limited to the six islands that most recently emerged from the sea.

The chances of hybridization between two ground finch species should be less than the chances of hybridization between two tree finch species.

Their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of the five tree finch species.

They should share fewer anatomical homologies with each other than they share with the tree finches.

DNA and proteins

DNA and phospholipids

DNA and RNA

DNA only

cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

spindle formation

DNA synthesis

cell elongation during anaphase

spindle attachment to kinetochores

change in the number of genes in a population over time

inheritance of acquired characters

descent with modification

survival of the fittest

allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations

enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species

produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens

allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions

enhances genetic variability in the species

I only

II only

III only

I and II

III and IV

red and long

purple and long

ren and oval

purple and oval

white and long

When do spindle fibers attach to chromosomes?

How many cells are produced by the culture per hour?

What is the length of the S phase of the cell cycle?

How many picograms of DNA are made per cell cycle?

When is the S chromosome synthesized?

their tissue culture methods needed to be relearned

infection causes lymphocyte cultures to skip some parts of the cell cycle

infection causes cell cultures in general to reproduce more rapidly

the presence of the pathogen made the experiments too contaminated to trust the results

infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

It is identical in content to another cell formed from the same meiosis I event.

It has the same number of chromosomes, but each of them has different alleles than another cell from the same meiosis.

It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the originating cell.

It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell.

the 5' end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

the 5' end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.

the 5' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

the 5' end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base.

the 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

all spineless progeny

all sharp-spined progeny

50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny

25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny

It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.

(a) GG ×gg; (b) genotypic = 3:1, phenotypic = 1:2:1

(a) gg ×Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2, phenotypic = 3:1

(a) Gg ×Gg; (b) genotypic = 3:1, phenotypic = 9:3:3:1

(a) GG ×Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 2:1

(a) Gg ×Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 3:1

Removal of the 5′ UTR also removes the 5' cap and the mRNA will quickly degrade.

Removal of the 5′ UTR will have no effect because the exons are still maintained.

The 3′ UTR will duplicate and one copy will replace the 5′ end.

The first exon will not be read because I1 will now serve as the UTR.

Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars.

The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars.

Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars.

The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars.

Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

The cooler temperatures of spring trigger the development of flowerlike caterpillars.

The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars.

Differences in air pressure, due to differences in elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

Their lipid nature probably allows them to diffuse through the plasma membrane.

Their size probably allows them to diffuse through the plasma membrane.

Their protein structure probably allows them to diffuse through the plasma membrane.

They must require a protein transporter, because the plasma membrane is completely impermeable to molecules.

All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome.

All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes.

The formation of gametes in plants occurs by mitosis only.

None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation.

The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants was 7.

prophase

cytokinesis

telophase

metaphase

anaphase

The cells were arrested in a nondividing state because of the treatment and could not enter M phase until several hours after the label was removed.

The synthesis (S) phase is lengthy, about 12 hours in most cell types, and the radioactive thymidine was not present long enough for most cells to be labeled.

Radiolabeled compounds are somewhat cytotoxic, and cell division was initially inhibited.

There seems to be a gap or a lag in the cell cycle, between the synthesis of DNA and cell division.

require energy

use essentially the same genetic code

evolve

show heritable variation

reproduce

the DNA introns are removed from the template

the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter

the 5′ caps are removed from the mRNA

DNA nucleases have isolated the transcription unit

several transcription factors have bound to the promoter

epistasis

codominance

multiple alleles

incomplete dominance

pleiotropy

RNA, because proteins cannot catalyze a reaction that involves another protein

protein, because RNA cannot catalyze reactions

It could be either, because both molecules have catalytic properties.

proteins, because only proteins can catalyze a reaction that involves another protein

three nonsense mutations in sequence

a polyadenylation signal or poly(A)

a portion of the polymerase holoenzyme

a sigma factor

a termination loop composed of guanine

are information-containing molecules

show primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

naturally occur as a double helix

are highly reactive catalysts in cells

disruption of mitotic spindle formation

suppression of cyclin production

myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation

inhibition of DNA synthesis

inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation

30

20

80

10

40

sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can asexually reproducing organisms

asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually

asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction than do sexually reproducing organisms

asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring

more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that reproduce sexually

the attachment of microtubules to kinetochores

the splitting of the centrosomes

the disassembly of the nucleolus

cytokinesis

no chromosomes in the center of the cell

one large nuclear envelope

individual chromatids beginning to separate from one another

chromosomes clustered at one end of the cell

chromosomes clustered tightly at the center

Both contain sulfur.

Both take on structural roles in the cell.

Both have primary and secondary structure.

Both have monomers, which contain phosphorus.

Only if a woman is XXX could she have this condition.

Women can never have this condition.

One-half of the daughters of an affected father and a carrier mother could have this condition.

One-fourth of the daughters of an affected man would have this condition.

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic organisms

limited in size to 200 and 500 micrometers in diameter

only found in pairs, because single cells cannot exist independently

Single, haploid (2n) sets of chromosomes in ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (4n), single-celled zygote.

At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes by meiosis.

In humans, each of the twenty-three maternal autosomes has a homologous paternal chromosome.

In humans, the twenty-second pair, the sex chromosomes, determines whether the person is female (XY) or male (XX).

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.

If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis.

If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis.

If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it.

If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis.

crossing over

independent assortment

nothing else

crossing over and independent assortment

phenotype

haplotype

category

genotype

appearance

proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time

was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation

was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

production of numerous progeny.

increased agricultural productivity in a rapidly changing environment.

maintenance and expansion of a large genome.

increased success of progeny in a stable environment.

increased ability to adapt to a change in the environment.

phospholipids

DNA

both DNA and RNA

RNA

proteins

proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data

includes one group for which the scientist controls all variables

is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate

includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

includes at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables

a blending of traits has occurred

each offspring has the same alleles for each of two different traits

the parents were true-breeding for contrasting traits

the particular trait shows incomplete dominance

the parents were both heterozygous for the particular trait

separation of the spindle poles

condensation of the chromosomes

spindle formation

replication of the DNA

separation of sister chromatids

cells with more than one nucleus

destruction of chromosomes

cells that are unusually small

cell cycles lacking an S phase

cells lacking nuclei

The 5 prime to 3 prime polarity of DNA makes it soluble in water but not in alcohol.

The purine and pyrimidine bases are hydrophilic.

The charged phosphate groups and sugars of DNA are hydrophilic.

The charged R-groups of DNA are hydrophilic.

Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms.

Prokaryotic codons usually specify different amino acids than those of eukaryotes.

The translation of codons is mediated by tRNAs in eukaryotes, but translation requires no intermediate molecules such as tRNAs in prokaryotes.

Prokaryotic codons usually contain different bases than those of eukaryotes.

synthesis of chromatids

formation of telophase nuclei

spindle fiber formation

cell membrane synthesis

nuclear envelope breakdown

The width of a DNA molecule is 3.4 nm, whereas the width of a nucleotide monomer is 0.34 m.

The 10 to 1 ratio signifies that DNA molecules are ten times longer than they are wide.

DNA molecules are 3.4 nm long and 0.34 nm wide.

It turned out to be just a coincidence.

These numbers tell us there are ten rungs, or steps, on the DNA "ladder" for every turn of the helix.

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription process

an RNA with catalytic activity

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication

an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits

a catalyst that uses RNA as a substrate

metaphase

prometaphase

telophase

prophase

anaphase

5'UAACGU3'

5'TGCAAT3'

5'UGCAAU3'

5'TAACGT3'

3'UAACGU5'

The guppies share all of the same characteristics and are identical to each other.

The guppies share all of the essential characteristics of the species; the minor variations they display don’t affect survival.

The guppies are all identical on the inside, but have many differences in appearance.

The guppies share many essential characteristics, but also vary in many features.

large body size and ability to swim quickly away from predators

excellent ability to compete for food

high number of offspring that survived to reproductive age

high number of matings with many different females.

The guppy population would grow slowly, as guppies would have only the number of babies that are needed to replenish the population.

The guppy population would grow slowly at first, then would grow rapidly, and thousands of guppies would fill the pond.

The guppy population would never become very large, because only organisms such as insects and bacteria reproduce in that manner.

The guppy population would continue to grow slowly over time.

The guppy population will stay about the same size.

The guppy population will continue to rapidly grow in size.

The guppy population will gradually decrease until no more guppies are left.

It is impossible to tell because populations do not follow patterns.

The traits of each individual guppy within a population gradually change.

The proportions of guppies having different traits within a population change.

Successful behaviors learned by certain guppies are passed on to offspring.

Mutations occur to meet the needs of the guppies as the environment changes.

Finding food is not a problem since food is always in abundant supply.

Since lizards can eat a variety of foods, there is likely to be enough food for all of the lizards at all times.

Lizards can get by on very little food, so the food supply does not matter.

It is likely that sometimes there is enough food, but at other times there is not enough food for all of the lizards.

The lizards cooperate to find food and share what they find.

The lizards fight for the available food and the strongest lizards kill the weaker ones.

Genetic changes that would allow lizards to eat new food sources are likely to be induced.

The lizards least successful in the competition for food are likely to die of starvation and malnutrition.

be indistinguishable, since there is a lot of interbreeding in isolated populations.

be the same on the inside but display differences in their external features.

be similar, yet have some significant differences in their internal and external features.

be the same on the outside but display differences in their internal features.

When parent lizards learn to catch particular insects, their offspring can inherit their specific insect-catching-skills.

When parent lizards develop stronger claws through repeated use in catching prey, their offspring can inherit their stronger-claw trait.

When parent lizards’ claws are underdeveloped because easy food sources are available, their offspring can inherit their weakened claws.

When a parent lizard is born with an extra finger on its claws, its offspring can inherit six-fingered claws.

The lizards needed to change in order to survive, so beneficial new traits developed.

The lizards wanted to become different in size, so beneficial new traits gradually appeared in the population.

Random genetic changes and sexual recombination both created new variations.

The island environment caused genetic changes in the lizards.

lizard A

lizard B

lizard C

lizard D

Groups of lizards encountered different island environments so the lizards needed to become new species with different traits in order to survive.

Groups of lizards must have been geographically isolated from other groups and random genetic changes must have accumulated in these lizard populations over time.

There may be minor variations, but all lizards are essentially alike and all are members of a single species.

In order to survive, different groups of lizards needed to adapt to the different islands, and so all organisms in each group gradually evolved to become a new lizard species.