L31 Type 2 DM

Metabolic syndrome is associated with excess nutrition, insufficient ❌ and a genetic predisposition. It is characterised by chronic ❌ in the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and vasculature.
• Doubles the risk of ❌ heart disease
• Doubles risk of stroke
• Five times the risk of ❌
• Increased risk of venous thrombosis

HbA1c is glycosylated haemoglobin. It can be used to determine plasma ❌ over the previous 8-12 ❌ and so ❌ diabetic control or ❌ diabetes. The more glucose in the blood, the more haemoglobin is ❌.

Type 2 Diabetes - Pathogenesis:
• Insulin resistance begins many ❌ before onset of T2D
• When insulin ❌ can not overcome ❌: hyperglycaemia and T2D
• Typically ❌ of B islet cells left at diagnosis
• Abnormalities in other hormones (increased ❌) & impaired responses to others (egg GLP-1)
• Changes in gut ❌
• Inflammation

Pathophysiology of T2DM:
- Macrovascular (50% of patients): ❌, develops earlier and is more severe
- Microvascular (~27% patients): ❌
- Co-morbidities: non-alcoholic ❌ disease, obstructive sleep ❌ and depression