A neuromuscular junction is a synapse:
Where a sensory axon delivering information from a muscle meets a neuron
Where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fibre
Specific to cardiac muscles
Where a muscle excites or inhibits a neuron
A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person:
Lives near the equator, where the seasons do not vary
Spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight
Habitually eats a big meal just before bedtime
Spends a period of time in the wilderness, away from clocks
A proprioceptor is sensitive to the:
Degree of relaxation or concentration of smooth muscle tissue
Position and movement of a part of the body
Percentage of fibres that are contracting within a muscle bundle
Degree of fatigue in a muscle
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
An imbalance among hormone levels
Unconscious motivations and emotions
Experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history
The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically ____.
Enters REM
Wakes up
Cycles back through stages 3 and 2
Returns immediately to stage 1
If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do if a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?
Play with the second intruder
Attack the second intruder but less vigorously than the first
Withdraw from the second intruder
Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously
The term "serotonin turnover" refers to the amount of serotonin that is:
currently present in the brain
released at synapses and resynthesised
converted into another transmitter
radioactively labelled
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
Decreased firing by dopamine neurons
Increased firing in the frontal lobe
Increased firing in the parietal lobe
Increased firing by GABA neurons
In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
Basal ganglia to cerebellum
Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
Cerebellum to spinal cord
Cerebral cortex to spinal cord
In people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the startle response is ___.
the same as in other people
generally stronger than in other people
generally absent
generally weaker than in other people
In the absence of any light, dark, or time cues, human circadian rhythms would:
Cease to exist
Become slightly longer than 24 hours
Become exactly 24 hours
Become much shorter than 24 hours
One of the main differences between natural killer cells and T cells is that natural killer cells:
are cancer cells
are more specific in their targets
attack several kinds of intruders
attack normal tissue
Looking at a picture of people showing emotional expressions causes the greatest activity in the:
Frontal lobe
Hippocampus
Fornix
Amygdala
Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?
Medial tract
Hippocampal
Supplementary
Dorsolateral tract
One explanation for narcolepsy in humans is:
Excessive alcohol use
Damage to the locus coeruleus
A genetic loss of basal forebrain neurons
A loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus
What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?
Twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
Loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs
Rapid fatigue of the muscles
Impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements
Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the ____.
dorsospinal tracts
pyramidalspinal tracts
horizontalspinal tracts
corticospinal tracts
What is paradoxical about paradoxical/REM sleep?
It is associated with dreaming although brain activity is low
It has restorative functions, and yet the boyd has no apparent need for it
It is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
It depends on serotonin for its onset and acetylcholine for its offset
Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Reticular formation
Parasympathetic nervous system
Cerebellum
The Behavioral Activation System is associated with:
Lack of arousal, decreased action, and pleasant mood
Increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust
Low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
Maximum arousal, increased fear, and negative mood
The amygdala is part of the __.
pyramidal system
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
limbic system
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense, vigorous, emergency activity is the
craniosacral nervous system
somatic nervous system
Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle __; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle __.
tension; fatigue
fatigue; tension
stretch; tension
tension; stretch
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____.
Thalamus
Caudate nucleus
Substantia nigra
Hypothalamus
Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate __ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.
Spinal cord
Primary motor cortex
Ganglion
Mirror
Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Substance P
Which of the following events would most likely activate the locus coeruleus?
Hearing a bear growl in the woods
Walking
Taking a nap
Daydreaming
Which of the following is NOT common in people with Parkinson’s disease?
Slowness of movements
Rigidity and tremors
Outbursts of emotion
Difficulty initiating voluntary movements
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?
Yawning
A teenager learning to drive
A baby's first steps
Making a list of things to do today
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4):
Slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
Breathing and heart rates increase
Brain activity increases
Brain waves become smaller
