In the division of the Peripheral nervous system, both Afferent and efferent contain voluntary and involuntary divisions. What is the correct division of the peripheral nervous system
Sensory/afferent contains visceral and somatic sensory division where Motor/efferent contains visceral (voluntary) and somatic/autonomic (involuntary) divisions
Sensory/efferent contains visceral and somatic sensory division where Motor/afferent contains visceral (voluntary) and somatic/autonomic (involuntary) divisions
Sensory/afferent contains visceral and somatic sensory division where Motor/efferent contains visceral/autonomic (voluntary) and somatic (involuntary) divisions
Sensory/afferent contains visceral and somatic sensory division where Motor/efferent contains visceral/autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary) divisions
Sensory/efferent contains visceral and somatic sensory division where Motor/afferent contains visceral/autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary) divisions
Injury to a Neuron will result in...
regeneration of the neuron
neuronal death and permanent change to the structure and function of the affected area
temporary change to the structure and functions of the affected areas
inability to form synaptic junctions
Which of the following is incorrect about the neuron composition?
The axon hillock is also termed the trigger zone and is where the action potential begins
The internodes enhance the speed of information transfer on neurons bigger than 1 micrometer in diameter
The node of ranvier is the gaps in the myelin sheath where an action potential takes place
The soma is the information receiving area of the cell membrane
the presynaptic terminal is located at the end of the axon and transmits information into the synaptic cleft
Which of the glia cells is a modified plasma membrane in the central nervous system?
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
microglial cells
When comparing Neuroglia cells to Neurons, which is an important factor of the Neuroglia cell
They have the capacity to divide
once they reach maturity they can regenerate but it is very difficult
injury to a neuroglia cell is permanent
They produce action potentials
they contain axons and dendrites
Which glia cell recruits astrocytes to damaged areas, and help destroy unnecessary synapses?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
What is not a function of an astrocyte?
forms the outer and inner glial limiting membranes of the CNS
releases neurotrophic factors important for neuronal survival
helps elongate axons and dendrites
participates in the repair process following tissue injury
maintains a neurons working environment by controlling the concentration of important ions
provides metabolic support
helps with neuron communication
releases nitric oxide to prevent viral replication
Ependymal glial cells are involved in creating cerebrospinal fluid and are located...
the choroid plexus of all 4 ventricles
The choroid plexus in the 1st and 2nd ventricles of the medulla oblongata
The choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle of the pons
The choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle of the medulla oblongata
The choroid plexus in the 3rd ventricles of the medulla oblongata
The choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle of the pons
What is the name of the glial cell in the peripheral nervous system
Neurolemmocyte
microglial cell
oligodendrocyte
ependymal cell
What is the action of Astrocytes on potassium channels?
astrocytes open potassium channels and allow for the repolarization of the neuron
astrocytes have no effect on potassium channels only sodium channels
astrocytes redirect where the potassium goes during depolarization by exchanging ions with neighboring cells
astrocytes direct potassium into the neuron to allow for depolarization of the neuron and block sodium channels from opening
What specific part of the nervous system provides information about body position, touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
visceral sensory division of the PNS
Somatic sensory division of the PNS
Visceral motor division of the PNS
somatic motor division of the PNS
Visceral sensory division of the CNS
Somatic sensory division of the CNS
Visceral motor division of the CNS
somatic motor division of the CNS
What functional area of the brain is important for conscious experiences of sensation and initiation of voluntary movement?
Telencephalon
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
The Cerebrum contains a right and left hemisphere that is composed of bilateral structures except for...
cerebral cortex
white matter
basal nuclei
corpus callosum
What functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for learning and intelligent behavior
Primary cortical sensory area
promoter frontal cortex
supplementary motor cortex
association areas
White matter
vestibular area
If an animal has damage to neurons located cranially to the decussation in the thalamus this would affect what side?
contralateral side
ipsilateral side
left side
right side
cranial side
caudal side
What portion of the brain contains a large amount of inhibitory output and helps suppress less appropriate competing patterns.
telencephalon
Basal nuclei
hypothalamus
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
loss of spatial accuracy and smooth execution of movements and equilibrium
Parkinson's diseases
the inability for the left and right hemispheres t to communicate and work as a functional unit
inability to store memory
what is the name for the crossing over that occurs in the Thalamus?
Relaying nucleus
cerebral gateway
decussation
integration station
What are the borders of the limbic system
cerebellum, thalamus
cerebrum, cerebellum
Hypothalamus, thalamus
cerebrum, thalamus
What is not a coordinated function of the hypothalamus?
Heart rate
blood pressure
temperature
water balance
food intake
circadian rhythm
gonadal function
emotions
breathing
What portion of the brainstem provides a pathway for nerve fibers to relay sensory information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
What is also called the Extrapyramidal tract?
brainstem UMN pathways
The dorsal root contains_____ neurons and the ventral root contains ______ neurons.
peripheral; central
pseudo-unipolar; sensory
sensory; motor
motor; sensory
sensory; pseudo-unipolar
central; peripheral
After entering the cord, the sensory signal will travel to higher levels of the cord and cause a reflex on the effector organ.
In the motor division of the Peripheral nervous system what type of nerve is the exception to a lower motor neuron.
Intermediate nerve
cranial nerve
spinal nerve
sensory nerve
post-ganglionic autonomic motor nerve
Which is not a type of sensory receptor?
neurons
free nerve endings
complex receptors
special senses receptors
specific ganglionic receptors
all of the above are types of sensory receptors
What type of sensory neuron synapses with the relay nucleus and undergoes the crossing over event.
Primary neurons found in the PNS
Secondary neurons found in the PNS
Tertiary neurons found in the PNS
Primary neurons found in the CNS
Secondary neurons found in the CNS
Tertiary neurons found in the CNS
Found in the CNS the order neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
___________ is a connective tissue layer that surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers called _______.
endoneurium; nerve fibers
endoneurium; peripheral nerves
perineurium; peripheral nerves
perineurium; fascicle
epineurium; nerve fibers
epineurium; peripheral nerves
A canine spinal cord has __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, ___ sacral and about ___ caudal spinal nerves.
8,13,8,5,5
7,12,7,5,5,
8,13,8,3,5
8,13,7,3,5
7,12,6,5,3
Spinal nerve C1 exits the vertebral canal via __________ where all others exit via ________.
intervertebral foramen; intervertebral foramen
lateral vertebral foramen; intervertebral foramen
medial vertebral foramen; intervertebral foramen
lateral vertebral foramen; medial vertebral foramen
medial vertebral foramen; lateral vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramen; lateral vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramen; medial vertebral foramen
The caudal intumescence innervates the____________________________.
cranial and proximal muscles of the limb
cranial and proximal muscles of the thorax
distal and caudal muscles of the limb
distal and cranial muscles of the limb
proximal and caudal muscles of the limb
Select all that apply (4): A spinal nerve is composed of:
sensory/dorsal root
motor/ventral root
main trunk
peripheral branches
motor/dorsal root
sensory/ventral root
The sympathetic nervous system forms a sympathetic chain in the craniosacral thoracolumbar( craniosacral, thoracolumbar ) region where the parasympathetic nervous system is located in the craniosacral thoracolumbar( craniosacral, thoracolumbar ) region
Which of the cranial nerves are apart of the autonomic/parasympathetic system (4)?
oculomotor (3)
trochlear (4)
trigeminal (5)
abducens (6)
facial (7)
glossopharyngeal (9)
accessory (11)
vagus (10)
vestibulocochlear (8)
olfactory (1)
What nerves are associated with the dorsal roots? (2)
somatic sensory neurons
visceral sensory neurons
somatic motor neurons
visceral motor neurons
What are pyramids?
motor cortices that control voluntary and involuntary movements
a pair of descending motor tracts on the ventral medulla
neuron fibers that originate in the brainstem
sensory and motor fibers specific for posture and fine tone movement
Which primary cortical sensory area responds to sound?
somatosensory
visual
auditory
vestibular
olfactory
What types of fibers are located in the intermediate horn?
mixed sensory and motor
sensory only
motor only
autonomic
visceral sensory only
visceral motor only
